School of Botany - Theses
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ItemAn ecological study of the sub-tidal macrophytic vegetation of three selected areas of Port Phillip Bay: Werribee, Altona and Carrum; and a literature review: sewage and oil pollution in relation to macrophytic marine algae, with a short account of the "wasting disease" of the marine angiosperm Zostera( 1970)The problems of pollution, resulting from population explosion, increased technology, industry and commerce will undoubtedly be of foremost concern for present and future generations. Pollution arises primarily from the concentration of large human populations into small areas. Populations tend to condense in urban seaboard cities, and it is in such situations that the pollutionary side-effects of economic expansion are most evident. In the United States about half the population lives on the margins of the Oceans or of the Great Lakes and in Australia at least 65 percent of the populus lives in coastal cities. Early studies of aquatic pollution centred around the fresh water environment and it is only in the last two decades that the urgency of the need for more precise scientific knowledge of the biology of marine pollution has become apparent. Consequently, the literature concerned with the ecological effects of marine pollution has increased considerably in recent years, prompted in certain instances, by the lack of knowledge evident in the handling of emergency situations such as oil spillages. Such disasters have encouraged symposia, conferences and many texts dealing with facets of marine pollution ecology. More recent publications are by Fyn (1965), Olson and Burgess (1967), Smith (1968), and Carthy and Arthur (1968). These publications review the literature available on marine pollution, but although much research is now being done to ascertain the effects of pollution. on marine organisms, its effects upon macrophytic marine algae has not received as much attention as the zoobenthos, nekton and plankton which play a more important role in food chains terminating with man. Boney (1965) has written the only review to include consideration of the economic aspects of the effects of various contaminants on seaweeds. The word POLLUTION is derived from the past participle of the latin verb 'Polluere'. The Oxford English Dictionary defines 'Pollute' as follows: To make physically impure, foul or filthy; to dirty, stain, taint or foul. Definitions of marine pollution are diverse and often contentious. However, two fundamental precepts are frequently reiterated. Firstly, that marine pollution is a man-induced phenomenon - a notable exception to this being the "red tides" or blooms of poisonous phytoplankton familiar to phycologists; and secondly, that it produces a change in the biological balance of the environment that is detrimental to marine life or man.
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ItemAspects of shrub-grass dynamics on the Bogong High Plains (Subalpine), Victoria( 1985)The Bogong High Plains are a series of alpine and subalpine plateaux in NE Victoria. The vegetation of the High Plains consists of woodland, heathland, grassland herbfield and wetland communities. On the better drained sites, the transition from heath dominated communities to grass dominated communities is correlated with gradients of decreasing accumulation and persistence of snow, increasing exposure to wind and low minimum air temperatures, and decreasing steepness and rockiness of terrain. In many areas, shrubs have increased in cover and abundance, especially over the last 50 years. In particular, shrubs have invaded many areas of grassland, which has resulted in an expansion of both open heath and closed heath. The High Plains have been grazed by free ranging cattle each summer since the 1850's, and a primary aim of this thesis is to investigate the dynamics of heathland and grassland, and the impact that cattle grazing has upon these two vegetation types.
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ItemThe availability and use of resources by urban wildlife( 2005)This thesis investigates how the availability of resources influences the abundance of wildlife. Specifically, this thesis explores the relationship between the availability of food and den resources in and around small remnant patches of eucalypt forest (<2.5 ha) contained within metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, and the abundance of brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula and ringtail possums Pseudocheirus peregrinus. I used observational data to investigate resource availability, nest box use and home ranges of urban possums. I then used experimental manipulation of food and den availability to investigate their direct influence on urban wildlife.
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ItemNumerical analyses of macrophyte vegetation in Victorian wetlands in relation to environmental factors( 1984)This study was undertaken to investigate the variability of vegetated Victorian wetlands and to establish the relationships between this variation and major environmental factors. Criteria for the selection of the 55 wetlands sampled included the presence of aquatic macrophyte or helophyte vegetation, the presence of at least an intermittent water body and, comparative lack of disturbance of the site. Sites were also chosen to reflect the considerable lithological and climatic variation found across lowland Victoria. At each site, species presence/absence data, water depth and water transparency were recorded within 1m square quadrats positioned at 5m intervals along transects located to best sample the vegetation. At each transect, water samples were collected for the analysis of major ions, and substrate samples were taken for the estimation of texture and measurement of pH and percentage salts. The maximum depth of the basin when flooded and its water regime were estimated and the geology and rainfall of the catchment were recorded. An information statistic strategy was used to classify the large, relatively sparse floristic set of data. The classification recognised five distinctive, relatively homogenous and ecologically interpretable groups of wetlands, which were characterised as having saline, very saline, turbid, acidic or calcareous waters, and a further three freshwater groups which were closely related to one another. The application of data reduction techniques suggested that the information statistic model was unable to adequately define some of the freshwater groups of sites primarily because of the highly heterogenous nature of the data set. Two more data sets were produced by deleting species with low "eident" values (Dale and Williams 1978) and by deleting species regarded as terrestrial. However, classification of these reduced data sets did not provide markedly better results. The relationships between the groups (and their members) generated by classification was examined through indirect ordination of the floristic data. Inspection of the results indicated that six of the eight groups identified by classification of the floristic data could be recognised. However, two groups of saline sites could not be separated, largely because they were both species-poor. Six sites were identified as the probable cause of overlap of some of the freshwater groups. Laboratory determination of the major ionic constituents of the waters of the 55 wetlands indicated that the orders of anion dominance were Cl>HC03+C03>S04 (freshwater sites) or Cl>S04>HC03+C03 (saline and coastal freshwater sites) and those for cations were Na>Mg>Ca>K or Na>Ca>Mg>K (freshwater) and Na>Mg>ca>K (saline sites). The dominance of chloride and sodium ions in the waters sampled suggested that salinity was a major factor affecting the distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Victoria. Numerical classification of the wetlands on the basis of their water chemistry was undertaken to provide a comparison with the eight group floristic classification. However, two of the intuitively recognised groups, the turbid and calcareous waters, were not identified by classification of the water chemistry data, and membership of the two independently generated sets of groups was not identical. The nature of the hypothesized joint pattern between the floristic and the water chemistry data was further investigated by canonical correlation analysis, analysis of variance and discriminant analyses. These analyses confirmed that overall, the variance observed in the vegetation of the wetlands sampled was significantly influenced by water chemistry. However, the level of vegetational variation identified as a result of classification of the floristic data (eight groups) did not correspond well with the measured differences in the water chemistry variables. Vegetation differences which could be attributed to water chemistry differences were those between the saline groups, the turbid water group, the acidic water group, the freshwater complex of three groups, and possibly the calcareous group. The salinity variable largely separated the saline groups from the rest, whilst pH separated the acidic water and calcareous water groups from each other and the freshwater complex. The turbid water group was separated by a combination of pH and salinity variables. An evaluation of the methods used is presented and other factors which may be important in explaining the heterogeneity of the saline and freshwater floristic complexes are discussed. The wetland vegetation sampled in Victoria is compared with the plant communities of Tasmanian wetlands.
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ItemThe early land flora of Victoria( 1980)A re-examination of existing collections together with detailed examination of material from four sites in the Early Devonian (Pragian/ Siegenian and provisional Late Silurian (Ludlovian) rocks of Victoria has considerably extended the geographic range of the known genera and added a significant number of new taxa to the Baragwanathia flora. This survey further confirms that the early land flora was comprised not only of the simplest types of vascular plants (the Rhyniophytes) but also plants of increasing complexity, the Zosterophylls, Lycophytes and Trimerophytes. The flora has a number of forms clearly closely related to plants from strata of the same age of the northern hemisphere. Ten new species are described, together with descriptions of fragmentary remains of at least ten others as yet too incomplete to be given formal status. Two new species of Salopella, a genus previously known only from the northern hemisphere, and a new species of Hedeia are new Rhyniophytes recorded for the first time. The Zosterophyllophytina is further represented by two new genera, Pluricaulis and Chamaecaulon, and a new species of Zosterophyllum. A second small and two other probably distinct species have been added to the genus Baragwanathia which together with a new plant with rhizophores, are members of the Lycophytina. Although represented only by one small fertile branch, a new species of Dawsonites, provides evidence that the Trimerophytina was also present in this flora. The presence of a portion of this flora, including the relatively complex Baragwanathia in rocks provisionally assigned by some geologists as Ludlovian, poses some unusual problems, as plants of this age in the northern hemisphere are only of the very simplest kind.
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ItemA primary ecological survey of the Kentbruck Heath( 1970)Introduction: The Kentbruck Heath is an area in the far southwest of Victoria, about six miles in from the coast, and almost mid-way between Portland and Nelson. The flora of the area is exceptionally rich and diverse, and is relatively undamaged. The western two thirds of the area was proclaimed as part of the Lower Glenelg National Park in 1969. For these reasons it was decided to investigate it by means of a primary ecological survey. This survey occupied only 12 months, and this limited the type of work which could be undertaken. The area known as the Kentbruck Heath can be broadly delineated on a map by the Kentbruck Road and F.V.C pine plantations on the west, Inkpot Road on the north, Heath Road and Kentbruck Settlement on the east, and other agricultural development on the south. The detailed survey was restricted to a representative square mile of this, but general observations confirm the validity of some extrapolations from the data obtained. By way of comparison, an area to the west known as Bulley Ranges has also been the subject of preliminary survey.
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ItemStudies on the autecology of Eucalyptus regnans F.v.M.( 1956)An ecological study was commenced in 1949 of the E. regnans area in the Wallaby Creek catchment on the Hume Range 40 miles north- north-east of Melbourne, with the aim of elucidating some of the problems concerned with the regeneration of a remarkably well-preserved mature forest. The ramifications of this study have lead to the investigation of several aspects of the autecology of this species.
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ItemThe natural vegetation pattern of the Mornington Peninsula, with particular reference to the genus Eucalyptus( 1972)The natural vegetation pattern of the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, has been studied and presented in map form on the basis of: Environmental factors associated with eucalypt distribution and habit are discussed. Vegetation formations are described and evidence presented of dependence on changing equilibria of environmental factors particularly pedological factors. Data obtained from transects across salt marshes are discussed. This indicates the inadequacy of presently available information regarding the delicately balanced environment of this formation. Difficulties in determination and delineation of plant associations are discussed. Because of species gradations it was not possible to satisfactorily separate all associations by subjective determinations alone. Abrupt discontinuity in one or more environmental factors makes it possible to subjectively determine five plant associations. A further twenty associations were determined by computer analysis of qualitative floristic lists. Delineation and problems of field recognition of these twenty statistical associations is discussed with reference to the work of Braun-Blanquet and of Poore. A preliminary attempt is made to correlate environmental factors with distribution of Eucalyptus spp., of vegetation formations, and of plant associations. Appendices include descriptions of soil types in the region; historical evidence which relates to past condition and management of the vegetation; and field data.
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ItemSilver wattle (Acacia dealbata): its role in the ecology of the mountain ash forest and the effect of alternative silvicultural systems on its regeneration( 1999)The key objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the affects of alternative silvicultural systems on regeneration of silver wattle and to determine whether nitrogen-fixation by silver wattle replaced losses of nitrogen by timber harvesting and burning and whether regeneration of silver wattle affected the growth of mountain ash. Germination of silver wattle is greatest after heating seeds to 80°C for 5 minutes. Heating to 100°C for more than one minute kills the seeds and lower temperatures fail to rupture the coats of many seeds. However, 30 - 35% of seeds germinate with no pretreatment. Sunlight and severe mechanical abrasion stimulate germination of a significant proportion of seeds. At Tanjil Bren the average number of seeds of silver wattle in the top 10 cm of soil is 350 per m2 . Few seeds germinate from below 10 cm in the soil. The present method of timber harvesting by c1earfelling followed by broadcast burning favours silver wattle. The optimum seed-bed for establishment of silver wattle is undisturbed soil burnt by high intensity fire. Establishment is poorest on unburnt seedbeds with undisturbed litter or heavy accumulation of slash. Although germination is less and initial growth is slower after mechanical disturbance than after slash-burning, the differences between the treatments decreases with time. Stocking, height and cover of silver wattle are significantly reduced by retained overwood, smaller coupe sizes and logging slash. Reducing coupe size to 0.5 hectares or increasing the proportion of retained overwood to 30% reduces height growth of silver wattle by 50- 75% over the first three years. Rates of nitrogen-fixation by silver wattle at Tanjil Bren are sufficient to replace all losses of nitrogen due to timber harvesting and burning 10 years after disturbance. Silver wattle increases the concentration of nitrogen in the surface soil. Using the l5N natural abundance technique it was shown that 30% of nitrogen, equivalent to 800 kg nitrogen per hectare, in soil at 0-10 cm is derived from nitrogen-fixation under 6000 dominant and codominant stems per hectare after five years. Although dominant silver wattles reduce growth of mountain ash in the short term, they occur over a relatively small area of a coupe and decrease with time. Silver wattles may ultimately increase the growth of dominant mountain ash by effectively thinning out suppressed trees and increasing the amount of nitrogen in the ecosystem. Total biomass and nutrient content of the regeneration are greater with silver wattles present. Growth of dominant silver wattles initially exceeds that of dominant mountain ash, but later decreases and silver wattles are eventually suppressed by mountain ash.
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ItemThe ecology of Agrostis spp. (bent grass) invasion into temperate pastures( 1996)The grass, commonly called 'bent grass', has been rated by meat producers and consultants working in industry as one of the worst weeds of perennial grasses in temperate pastures in Victoria. Bent grass in Victorian pastures has traditionally been identified as Agrostis capillaris. However it has become clear that Agrostis castellana rather than A. capillaris is predominantly found in Victorian pastures. Management techniques to reduce the proportion of A. castellana in pastures must be modified based on the assumption that we are dealing with A. capillaris. The vegetative morphology of A. castellana populations sampled from diverse locations within Victoria was similar. A. castellana spreads vigorously by rhizomes which will reduce the success of presently-accepted management techniques (e.g. mob stocking) but will enhance the success of techniques that focus on reducing the rhizomatous capability of A. castellana. Flowering times differed between A. castellana populations such that genotypes of populations from drier climates completed flowering earlier or within a shorter time than genotypes from other populations. Techniques which focus on preventing floral development (e.g. spray-topping) will require refinement for different locations in Victoria. The cost of renovation combined with limited success to reduce the proportion of Agrostis spp. in the long term (> 10 years) has reduced the adoption of pasture renovation in some areas. Agrostis spp. regenerated from seedlings after pasture renovation, at variance with general conceptions. Thus pasture renovation techniques must reduce the regenerative ability of Agrostis spp. from seed. Agrostis castellana regenerates from viable rhizome fragments remaining after cultivation, in addition to seedling regeneration. Rhizomes of A. castellana displayed apical dominance in that lateral buds on rhizomes remain dormant. Presently-accepted pasture renovation does not take into account the fact that apical dominance in rhizomes ensures continuative regeneration. The technique of pasture renovation must ensure that the regenerative ability of bent grass is severely reduced, and this was achieved when rhizomes were broken into small 1-node fragments, buried beyond 75 mm and a rapidly establishing pasture sown. The dominance of bent grass in pastures indicates that bent grass competes successfully with other pasture species under current agricultural practices in Victoria. The mechanism of competition under A. castellana-dominant pastures supported the resource competition theory in that a greater proportion of the nitrogen absorbed under A. castellana pasture remained in the roots than in shoots, reducing the availability of nitrogen to be re-cycled in faeces and urine by the animal. Thus a greater proportion of nitrogen was returned by plant death and decomposition in A. castellana-dominant pasture than in L. perenne-dominant pasture. Decomposing shoots, roots and rhizomes are slow to release mineral nitrogen which is confirmed by reduced gross mineralization and reduced concentrations of nitrate in soil solution under A. castellana-dominant compared with L. perenne-dominant pasture. N uptake by A. castellana was as nitrate, in preference to ammonium, further depleting the concentration of nitrate in soil solution. When L. perenne grows in association with A. castellana, plant nitrate requirements are unlikely to be met and L. perenne pasture may then degrade to A. castellana-dominance. The likelihood of A. castellana dominance in L. perenne pastures may be reduced by improving litter quality and rates of mineralization.