Engineering and Information Technology Collected Works - Research Publications

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Author: Ashokkumar, Muthupandian ×

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    Membrane Separations in the Dairy Industry
    Chen, G ; Leong, T ; Kentish, S ; Ashokkumar, M ; Martin, G ; Galanakis, C (Academic Press, 2019-03-15)
    Membrane filtration is widely used in the dairy industry. This chapter provides an overview of the various applications of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration in the processing of milk, and dairy waste streams. A summary of milk composition and chemistry is provided in relation to membrane processing. Applications of membrane filtration in milk processing are then discussed, including on-farm concentration of milk, removal of microorganisms, and fractionation of protein and fat. Coverage also includes the use of membranes for standardizing the composition of cheese milk, processing and concentration of whey and whey proteins, and purification and treatment of dairy wastes. Recent progress in the understanding of flux decline and fouling in dairy membrane filtration is outlined, along with the potential application of ultrasound.
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    Minimising oil droplet size using ultrasonic emulsification
    Leong, TSH ; Wooster, TJ ; Kentish, SE ; Ashokkumar, M (ELSEVIER, 2009-08)
    The efficient production of nanoemulsions, with oil droplet sizes of less than 100nm would facilitate the inclusion of oil soluble bio-active agents into a range of water based foods. Small droplet sizes lead to transparent emulsions so that product appearance is not altered by the addition of an oil phase. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to create remarkably small transparent O/W nanoemulsions with average diameters as low as 40nm from sunflower oil. This is achieved using ultrasound or high shear homogenization and a surfactant/co-surfactant/oil system that is well optimised. The minimum droplet size of 40nm, was only obtained when both droplet deformability (surfactant design) and the applied shear (equipment geometry) were optimal. The time required to achieve the minimum droplet size was also clearly affected by the equipment configuration. Results at atmospheric pressure fitted an expected exponential relationship with the total energy density. However, we found that this relationship changes when an overpressure of up to 400kPa is applied to the sonication vessel, leading to more efficient emulsion production. Oil stability is unaffected by the sonication process.