School of Languages and Linguistics - Theses
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ItemThe Russian language in an Australian environment: a descriptive analysis of English interference in the speech of bilingual Russian migrants( 1973)The purpose of this dissertation is to present a descriptive analysis of English interference phenomena observed in Australian Russian as spoken in the urban communities of Melbourne, Sydney and. Brisbane. The project concentrates on vocabulary and idiom (the level at which the bulk of interference phenomena occurs) but phonological and grammatical aspects are introduced in the analysis of integration processes in Chapter IV. Chapter I contains a survey of previous work on bilingualism, language contact and linguistic interference. The basic concepts pertaining to this type of investigation are discussed and defined. Fieldwork is also described. Material for the study was gathered in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. It consists of tape-recorded interviews with individual informants and group conversations on the following topics: daily activities, including work and recreation, and memorable events that had occurred before and after migration to Australia. Forty-six informants were used in the investigation and they represent both adult and childhood bilinguals, and a cross-section of the different backgrounds that characterise the Russian migrant population in Australia. As well as a classification of the informants, Chapter I also contains a brief outline of the history of Russian migration to Australia and a description of Russian community activities and efforts towards Russian language maintenance in Australia. Chapter II is concerned with a discussion of the fundamental causes of interference in Australian Russian speech. Actual contextual examples of interference phenomena are described, classified and as far as possible explained using the author's own observations and the findings of other researchers in this field. The analysis shows that interference in the speech corpus may be correlated with sociocultural, structural and psychological factors and that the situations in which Russian and English are used, as well as the attitudes of the speaker, play an important role in conditioning the extent and nature of interference. Chapter III presents a classification of interference phenomena according to different modes of interference, namely, the transfer of English identities (words and expressions in their entirety of form and meaning); the transfer of English distributions (the semantic extension of Russian words on the model of English and the translation of English expressions); the transfer of English identities and distributions to form bilingual compounds and phrases. The transfer of English identities was found to outnumber other modes of interference in the corpus. Chapter IV describes the integration processes used by the informants to adapt English items to the phonological and morphological systems of Russian. The examples show a clear pattern of sound substitution of Russian phonemes for English ones, a strong tendency to assign the majority of English nouns to the masculine gender, a preference for the productive declension, conjugation and word-formation patterns. A number of words and expressions are classified as socially integrated or adopted into Australian Russian on the basis of their frequency and range of occurrence. Chapter V discusses the few examples of code-switching between English and. Russian that occur in the corpus. The Conclusion contains a recapitulation of the main findings of this project and a brief discussion of what these findings indicate about the changing function of Russian in Australia. The three Appendices contain a description of the informants, sample interviews and extracts from Unification relevant to Chapter I.
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ItemThe classicism of Molière and of Racine( 1940)This thesis seeks to give an appreciation of the works of two great writers – Molière and Racine. Much space would be necessary in order to give a complete appreciation, and that is why a special aspect has been chosen – that of classicism. There are many different ideas as to what constitutes a classic, but one may say that the classical element of a work is that part which causes the work to escape death – that is, the part which causes the work to become immortal. There has been much of this undying spirit throughout literature, even in the earlier times: after all, it is nothing else than a harmony between matter, and the way of expressing it; for all poetry, all literature indeed, consists of these two things. This thesis seeks to show that this harmony is achieved in two different types of literature (but the difference between them is seen to be more apparent than real, when we examine the fundamental methods of the writers). If Molière had adopted the style of Racine, would he have succeeded in producing master-pieces? Molière’s genius understood the French spirit, and his comedy has much more of the eternal spirit than a comedy would have had if he had written in a more rigid style. That does not mean that Molière has never failed. He is human, and his work bears traces of that fact. This thesis does not propose to compare the good with the bad, but it seeks to give an appreciation of those classical elements which were so remarkable…. And after all, who will be judge of a work? One may give one’s ideas, and one’s reasons and proofs – that is all. If a work has survived, it is possible that it contains something immortal, and that it has been accepted by its judges. One may say, then, that the whole world is the judge of a work, and that if successive generations have accepted it, it is immortal. That does not mean simply that a work is immortal if it is immortal; but rather that a work is immortal if it contains something more than what is confined within the narrow limits of a single place or time…. some of those things which appeal to the whole world. There is no doubt that Molière and Racine have been accepted. The former appeals to almost everybody, but the latter is understood by Englishmen, for instance, only after much greater effort. Does that mean that Racine is less classical than Molière? Not necessarily. Classicism is a harmony between matter and the way of expressing it. If Molière’s way is easier to understand; is it not also true that Racine’s way is one of the glories of literature, and that much satisfying pleasure is found in his work? It is impossible to estimate with any sense of finality the quantity of classicism which each writer achieves. This thesis begins by giving an idea of the evolution of this type of literature. An Englishman considers a classic to b ‘something connected with antiquity’. This idea has been formed by the tradition of a classical education which has long been considered the summum bonum by schoolmen of our country. I have used this idea of what is classical as a starting point, following the psychological principle of proceeding from the known to the unknown. Thereafter follows a short study of the roots of that classicism which is the product both of the French spirit and of the time. The pages devoted to the development of classicism – to the history, so to speak – and the pages of the classical doctrine are necessarily full of information found I authorities, but it is necessary to seek for facts before having ideas about them. These are the facts. There is a list of the chief books I have read in preparing this thesis, but I stress the fact that the ideas of the third part have developed with me as I read Molière and Racine. And after all, it is not a strange thing that these two men of genius have been able to enthuse – even today. Is it not a further proof that they are true classicists?
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ItemA French-Australian writer: Paul Wenz( 1948)Paul Wenz, the Frenchman, came to Australia in 1892, at the age of twenty-three and died at his station, “Rahima”, in New South Wales in 1939. He was an extraordinary person, both as a writer and as a man: living most of his life in Australia, yet never becoming an Australian citizen; a Frenchman leaving his own country to settle overseas – a rare enough thing – and not choosing any of the French colonies, but plumping for a British country, after having roamed North Africa, South America and New Zealand; finally picking Australia; and not only deciding to make his home in the Commonwealth, but determined to go on the land; and not only settling in an outback area, but also writing books; books not about France or things French, but books dealing mainly with Australian or Australian soldiers overseas – and not only writing books, but indeed excellent books, portraying the people and customs of the outback as few have done before or after, combining the best features of French and Australian literary tradition; leavening a gentle, but constructive criticism of Australian habits and oddities with his never failing humour, sensitiveness and sympathy, and preaching as well as living the gospel of good neighbourliness – Henry Lawson’s spirit of mateship-; the whole steeped in a deep admiration for his adopted country, his second home; and in spite of hardships, toil and discouragement loving with all his heart the Australian bush, its solitude, quietness, and all-embracing charm and majesty. To understand this extraordinary personality, we must go back and glance at his childhood at Rheims, discover his relationship with his parents, brothers and sister, look at his upbringing, investigate his tastes and dislikes, follow up his hopes and aspirations, watch him meet visitors from distant countries, and describe his first, though indirect, contacts with Australia.