Centre for Youth Mental Health - Research Publications

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What do Australian consumers with lived experience of bipolar disorder want from early intervention services?

Gates, J ; Bendall, S ; Tremain, H ; Shelton, C ; Hammond, D ; Macneil, C ; McGorry, P ; Berk, M ; Cotton, S ; Murray, G ; Ratheesh, A (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2024-03)
An analysis of real-time suicidal ideation and its relationship with retrospective reports among young people with borderline personality disorder

Andrewes, HE ; Cavelti, M ; Hulbert, C ; Cotton, SM ; Betts, JK ; Jackson, HJ ; McCutcheon, L ; Gleeson, J ; Davey, CG ; Chanen, AM (WILEY, 2024-02-20)

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to analyze the real-time variability of suicidal ideation intensity and the relationship between real-time and retrospective reports of suicidal ideation made on the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), among young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). METHODS: Young people (15-25-year olds) with BPD (N = 46), recruited from two government-funded mental health services, rated the intensity of their suicidal ideation six times per day for 7 days before completing the BSS. RESULTS: For 70% of participants, suicidal ideation changed in intensity approximately five times across the week, both within and between days. BSS ratings were most highly correlated with the highest real-time ratings of suicidal ideation. However, this was not significantly different from the relationship between the BSS and both the average and most recent ratings. Median ratings of suicidal ideation intensity were higher on the BSS compared with an equivalent question asked in real time. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that young people with BPD experience high levels of fluctuation in their intensity of suicidal ideation across a week and that retrospective reports of suicidal ideation might be more reflective of the most intense experience of suicidal ideation across the week.
Climate change concerns impact on young Australians' psychological distress and outlook for the future

Teo, SM ; Gao, CX ; Brennan, N ; Fava, N ; Simmons, MB ; Baker, D ; Zbukvic, I ; Rickwood, DJ ; Brown, E ; Smith, CL ; Watson, AE ; Browne, V ; Cotton, S ; Mcgorry, P ; Killackey, E ; Freeburn, T ; Filia, KM (ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2024-02)
Does Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Impact Treatment Outcomes within a Randomised Controlled Trial of Mitochondrial Agents for Bipolar Depression?

Russell, SE ; Wrobel, AL ; Ashton, MM ; Turner, A ; Mohebbi, M ; Berk, M ; Cotton, S ; Dodd, S ; Ng, CH ; Malhi, GS ; Dean, OM (KOREAN COLL NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 2023-08)

OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder often co-occurs with post-traumatic stress disorder, yet few studies have investigated the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder in bipolar disorder on treatment outcomes. The aim of this sub-analysis was to explore symptoms and functioning outcomes between those with bipolar disorder alone and those with comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. METHODS: Participants (n = 148) with bipolar depression were randomised to: (i) N-acetylcysteine alone; (ii) a combination of nutraceuticals; (iii) or placebo (in addition to treatment as usual) for 16 weeks (＋4 weeks discontinuation). Differences between bipolar disorder and comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder on symptoms and functioning at five timepoints, as well as on the rate of change from baseline to week 16 and baseline to week 20, were examined. RESULTS: There were no baseline differences between bipolar disorder alone and comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder apart from the bipolar disorder alone group being significantly more likely to be married (p = 0.01). There were also no significant differences between bipolar disorder alone and comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder on symptoms and functioning. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in clinical outcomes over time within the context of an adjunctive randomised controlled trial between those with bipolar disorder alone compared to those with comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, differences in psychosocial factors may provide targets for areas of specific support for people with comorbid bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Moderated Online Social Therapy for Carers of Early Psychosis Clients in Real-World Settings: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Gleeson, J ; Lin, A ; Koval, P ; Hopkins, L ; Denborough, P ; Lederman, R ; Herrman, H ; Bendall, S ; Eleftheriadis, D ; Cotton, S ; Perry, Y ; Kaess, M ; Alvarez-Jimenez, M (JMIR PUBLICATIONS, INC, 2023)

BACKGROUND: Family carers of youth recovering from early psychosis experience significant stress; however, access to effective family interventions is poor. Digital interventions provide a promising solution. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate across multiple Australian early psychosis services the effectiveness of a novel, web-based early psychosis intervention for carers. METHODS: In this cluster randomized controlled trial conducted across multiple Australian early psychosis services, our digital moderated online social therapy for carers (Altitudes) plus enhanced family treatment as usual (TAU) was compared with TAU alone on the primary outcome of perceived stress and secondary outcomes including mental health symptoms and family variables at the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Eighty-six caregivers were randomized and data were available for 74 young people in their care. Our primary hypothesis that carers randomized to Altitudes+TAU would report greater improvements in perceived stress at follow-up compared with carers randomized to TAU alone was not supported, with the TAU alone group showing more improvement. For secondary outcomes, the TAU alone group showed improved mindfulness over time. Regardless of group assignment, we observed improvements in satisfaction with life, quality of life, emotional overinvolvement, and burden of care. In contrast, hair cortisol concentration increased. Post hoc analyses revealed more contact with early psychosis services in the intervention group compared to TAU alone and that improvements in perceived stress and social support were associated with use of the intervention in the Altitudes+TAU group. In this study, 80% (12/15) reported a positive experience with Altitudes and 93% (14/15) would recommend it to others. CONCLUSIONS: Our trial did not show a treatment effect for Altitudes in perceived stress. However, our post hoc analysis indicated that the amount of use of Altitudes related to improvements in stress and social support. Additional design work is indicated to continue users' engagement and to significantly improve outcomes in problem-solving, communication, and self-care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000942358; https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617000942358.
The Study of Ketamine for Youth Depression (SKY-D): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of low-dose ketamine for young people with major depressive disorder

Schwartz, OS ; Amminger, P ; Baune, BT ; Bedi, G ; Berk, M ; Cotton, SM ; Daglas-Georgiou, R ; Glozier, N ; Harrison, B ; Hermens, DF ; Jennings, E ; Lagopoulos, J ; Loo, C ; Mallawaarachchi, S ; Martin, D ; Phelan, B ; Read, N ; Rodgers, A ; Schmaal, L ; Somogyi, AA ; Thurston, L ; Weller, A ; Davey, CG (BMC, 2023-10-24)

BACKGROUND: Existing treatments for young people with severe depression have limited effectiveness. The aim of the Study of Ketamine for Youth Depression (SKY-D) trial is to determine whether a 4-week course of low-dose subcutaneous ketamine is an effective adjunct to treatment-as-usual in young people with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: SKY-D is a double-masked, randomised controlled trial funded by the Australian Government's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Participants aged between 16 and 25 years (inclusive) with moderate-to-severe MDD will be randomised to receive either low-dose ketamine (intervention) or midazolam (active control) via subcutaneous injection once per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is change in depressive symptoms on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after 4 weeks of treatment. Further follow-up assessment will occur at 8 and 26 weeks from treatment commencement to determine whether treatment effects are sustained and to investigate safety outcomes. DISCUSSION: Results from this trial will be important in determining whether low-dose subcutaneous ketamine is an effective treatment for young people with moderate-to-severe MDD. This will be the largest randomised trial to investigate the effects of ketamine to treat depression in young people. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ID: ACTRN12619000683134. Registered on May 7, 2019. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377513 .
Personality traits as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression severity in bipolar disorder: A structural equation model

Wrobel, AL ; Russell, SE ; Jayasinghe, A ; Kavanagh, BE ; Lotfaliany, M ; Turner, A ; Dean, OM ; Cotton, SM ; Diaz-Byrd, C ; Yocum, AK ; Duval, ER ; Ehrlich, TJ ; Marshall, DF ; Berk, M ; McInnis, MG (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2023-07)

BACKGROUND: Childhood trauma is negatively associated with depression severity in bipolar disorder; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of bipolar depression. METHODS: Data from 209 individuals with bipolar disorder recruited for the Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder were analysed. Using structural equation modelling, we examined the direct and indirect associations between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) - with the personality traits (NEO Personality Inventory-Revised) as mediators. RESULTS: The direct effect of childhood trauma on depression severity (standardised β = 0.32, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.45, p < 0.001) and the indirect effect via neuroticism (standardised β = 0.03, 95% bootstrap CI [0.002, 0.07], p = 0.039) were significant; supporting a partial mediation model. The indirect effect accounted for 9% of the total effect of childhood trauma on depression severity (standardised β = 0.09, 95% bootstrap CI [0.002, 0.19], p = 0.046). The final model had a good fit with the data (comparative fit index = 0.96; root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, 90% CI = [0.02, 0.07]). CONCLUSION: Personality traits may be relevant psychological mediators that link childhood trauma to a more severe clinical presentation of bipolar depression. Consequently, a person's personality structure may be a crucial operative factor to incorporate in therapeutic plans when treating individuals with bipolar disorder who report a history of childhood trauma.
Accelerating youth mental health services research

Cotton, SM ; Filia, KM ; Hamilton, MP ; Gao, CX ; Menssink, JM ; Telford, N ; McGorry, P ; Rickwood, D (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2023-06)

OBJECTIVE: We describe a research program to advance youth mental health service research in Australia, addressing two core knowledge gaps: the lack of available routine outcome measures and lack of understanding of how to assess and monitor complexity and heterogeneity in illness presentation and trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: Our research identifies better routine outcome measures (ROM) that are: designed specifically for the developmental nuances of the 12-25-year age range; multidimensional; and meaningful to young people, their carers, and service providers. Alongside much-needed new measures of complexity and heterogeneity, these tools will inform service providers to better meet the needs of young people presenting with mental health problems.
Predictors of suicidal ideation severity among treatment-seeking young people with major depressive disorder: The role of state and trait anxiety

Moller, C ; Badcock, PB ; Hetrick, SE ; Rice, S ; Berk, M ; Witt, K ; Chanen, AM ; Dean, OM ; Gao, C ; Cotton, SM ; Davey, CG (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2023-08)

OBJECTIVE: Depression and suicidal ideation are closely intertwined. Yet, among young people with depression, the specific factors that contribute to changes in suicidal ideation over time are uncertain. Factors other than depressive symptom severity, such as comorbid psychopathology and personality traits, might be important contributors. Our aim was to identify contributors to fluctuations in suicidal ideation severity over a 12-week period in young people with major depressive disorder receiving cognitive behavioural therapy. METHODS: Data were drawn from two 12-week randomised, placebo-controlled treatment trials. Participants (N = 283) were 15-25 years old, with moderate to severe major depressive disorder. The primary outcome measure was the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, administered at baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 12. A series of linear mixed models was conducted to examine the relationship between Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire score and demographic characteristics, comorbid psychopathology, personality traits and alcohol use. RESULTS: Depression and anxiety symptom severity, and trait anxiety, independently predicted higher suicidal ideation, after adjusting for the effects of time, demographics, affective instability, non-suicidal self-injury and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Both state and trait anxiety are important longitudinal correlates of suicidal ideation in depressed young people receiving cognitive behavioural therapy, independent of depression severity. Reducing acute psychological distress, through reducing depression and anxiety symptom severity, is important, but interventions aimed at treating trait anxiety could also potentially be an effective intervention approach for suicidal ideation in young people with depression.
Regional, circuit and network heterogeneity of brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders

Segal, A ; Parkes, L ; Aquino, K ; Kia, SM ; Wolfers, T ; Franke, B ; Hoogman, M ; Beckmann, CF ; Westlye, LT ; Andreassen, OA ; Zalesky, A ; Harrison, BJ ; Davey, CG ; Soriano-Mas, C ; Cardoner, N ; Tiego, J ; Yucel, M ; Braganza, L ; Suo, C ; Berk, M ; Cotton, S ; Bellgrove, MA ; Marquand, AF ; Fornito, A (Nature Research, 2023-09)

The substantial individual heterogeneity that characterizes people with mental illness is often ignored by classical case-control research, which relies on group mean comparisons. Here we present a comprehensive, multiscale characterization of the heterogeneity of gray matter volume (GMV) differences in 1,294 cases diagnosed with one of six conditions (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia) and 1,465 matched controls. Normative models indicated that person-specific deviations from population expectations for regional GMV were highly heterogeneous, affecting the same area in <7% of people with the same diagnosis. However, these deviations were embedded within common functional circuits and networks in up to 56% of cases. The salience-ventral attention system was implicated transdiagnostically, with other systems selectively involved in depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Phenotypic differences between cases assigned the same diagnosis may thus arise from the heterogeneous localization of specific regional deviations, whereas phenotypic similarities may be attributable to the dysfunction of common functional circuits and networks.

Centre for Youth Mental Health - Research Publications

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