Centre for Youth Mental Health - Research Publications

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    Remote Control in Formation of 3D Multicellular Assemblies Using Magnetic Forces
    Jafari, J ; Han, X-L ; Palmer, J ; Tran, PA ; O'Connor, AJ (AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2019-05)
    Cell constructs have been utilized as building blocks in tissue engineering to closely mimic the natural tissue and also overcome some of the limitations caused by two-dimensional cultures or using scaffolds. External forces can be used to enhance the cells' adhesion and interaction and thus provide better control over production of these structures compared to methods like cell seeding and migration. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient method to generate uniform, three-dimensional cell constructs using magnetic forces. This method produced spheroids with higher densities and more symmetrical structures than the commonly used centrifugation method for production of cell spheroids. It was also shown that shape of the cell constructs could be changed readily by using different patterns of magnetic field. The application of magnetic fields to impart forces on the cells enhanced the fusion of these spheroids, which could be used to produce larger and more complicated structures for future tissue engineering applications.
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    Extinction of a cocaine-taking context that protects against drug-primed reinstatement is dependent on the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor
    Kim, JH ; Perry, C ; Luikinga, S ; Zbukvic, I ; Brown, RM ; Lawrence, AJ (WILEY, 2015-05)
    We investigated the effects of extinguishing action-reward versus context-reward associations on drug-primed reinstatement, and the potential role of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGlu5) in these different types of extinction in rats that self-administer cocaine. We observed that daily context extinction (non-reinforced exposures to the cocaine-taking context with retracted levers) was just as effective as daily lever extinction in reducing cocaine-primed reinstatement compared with passive abstinence. Additionally, systemic injections of the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP (3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine) following each extinction session significantly impaired the ability of context extinction to reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement, without affecting reinstatement after lever extinction or passive abstinence.
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    MGLU5 receptors are necessary for extinction of drug associated cues and contexts
    Perry, C ; Reed, F ; Luikinga, S ; Zbukvic, I ; Kim, JH ; Lawrence, A (Wiley, 2017-08-01)
    Drug-associated cues and contexts are strong predictors of relapse. We used complex behavioural preparations to examine whether extinction of such cues reduces their capacity to trigger drug-seeking. We also examined whether the mGlu5 receptor is necessary for extinction learning. In Experiment 1, rats were trained to lever press for cocaine. Once stable responding was established, the context was extinguished by replacing the rats in the chambers, but with no opportunity to respond (levers were retracted). Control group remained in their home cage. An mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator (MTEP) or vehicle was administered immediately after context extinction sessions. During subsequent drug-induced reinstatement, rats responded less if they had received context extinction; however, this effect was attenuated where MTEP had been applied. In Experiment 2, rats were trained to lever press for cocaine, now paired with a cue light. To extinguish the cue, half of the rats were placed in the chambers and given non-reinforced presentations of the cue, but with the levers retracted. Control rats remained in home cage. All rats received either MTEP or vehicle 20 minutes prior. Cue-induced reinstatement was tested the following day by re-pairing the lever with the light. Rats gave fewer drug-seeking responses following cue extinction. This effect was attenuated by MTEP. Experiment 3 followed the same protocol as Experiment 2, except that a positive allosteric modulator CDPPB or vehicle was administered 20 minutes before CS extinction. At reinstatement, cue-elicited cocaine seeking was lower for the animals that had previously been administered CDPPB, regardless of extinction condition. This study highlights the important role cues and contexts play in driving drug-seeking behaviour during reinstatement. It also shows that mGlu 5 signalling is necessary for extinction of drug-cue associations, and that mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators are promising targets for treating cocaine addiction.
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    Genetic Influences on Cost-Efficient Organization of Human Cortical Functional Networks
    Fornito, A ; Zalesky, A ; Bassett, DS ; Meunier, D ; Ellison-Wright, I ; Yuecel, M ; Wood, SJ ; Shaw, K ; O'Connor, J ; Nertney, D ; Mowry, BJ ; Pantelis, C ; Bullmore, ET (SOC NEUROSCIENCE, 2011-03-02)
    The human cerebral cortex is a complex network of functionally specialized regions interconnected by axonal fibers, but the organizational principles underlying cortical connectivity remain unknown. Here, we report evidence that one such principle for functional cortical networks involves finding a balance between maximizing communication efficiency and minimizing connection cost, referred to as optimization of network cost-efficiency. We measured spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal using functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy monozygotic (16 pairs) and dizygotic (13 pairs) twins and characterized cost-efficient properties of brain network functional connectivity between 1041 distinct cortical regions. At the global network level, 60% of the interindividual variance in cost-efficiency of cortical functional networks was attributable to additive genetic effects. Regionally, significant genetic effects were observed throughout the cortex in a largely bilateral pattern, including bilateral posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices, dorsolateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices, and lateral temporal and inferomedial occipital regions. Genetic effects were stronger for cost-efficiency than for other metrics considered, and were more clearly significant in functional networks operating in the 0.09-0.18 Hz frequency interval than at higher or lower frequencies. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that brain networks evolved to satisfy competitive selection criteria of maximizing efficiency and minimizing cost, and that optimization of network cost-efficiency represents an important principle for the brain's functional organization.
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    Cognitive flexibility in acute anorexia nervosa and after recovery: A systematic review
    Miles, S ; Gnatt, I ; Phillipou, A ; Nedeljkovic, M (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2020-11)
    Difficulties in cognitive flexibility-the ability to adapt effectively to changes in the environment and/or changing task demands-have been reported in anorexia nervosa (AN). However, findings are inconsistent across studies and it remains unclear which specific aspects of cognitive flexibility patients with AN may struggle with. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing research on cognitive flexibility in AN and clarify differences between patients with acute AN, patients who are weight-restored and patients who are fully recovered from AN. Electronic databases were searched through to January 2020. 3,310 papers were screened and 70 papers were included in the final review. Although adults with acute AN performed worse in perceptual flexibility tasks and self-report measures compared to HCs, they did not exhibit deficits across all domains of cognitive flexibility. Adolescents with acute AN did not differ to HCs in performance on neurocognitive tasks despite self-reporting poorer cognitive flexibility. Overall, significant differences in cognitive flexibility between acute and recovered participants was not evident, though, the findings are limited by a modest number of studies. Recovered participants performed poorer than HCs in some neurocognitive measures, however, results were inconsistent across studies. These results have implications for the assessment of cognitive flexibility in AN and targeted treatment approaches.
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    Designing an App for Pregnancy Care for a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Community
    Smith, W ; Wadley, G ; Daly, JO ; Webb, M ; Hughson, J ; Hajek, J ; Parker, A ; Woodward-Kron, R ; Story, DA (The Association for Computing Machinery, 2017)
    We report a study to design and evaluate an app to support pregnancy information provided to women through an Australian health service. As part of a larger project to provide prenatal resources for culturally and linguistically diverse groups, this study focused on the design and reception of an app with the local Vietnamese community and health professionals of a particular hospital. Our study had three stages: an initial design workshop with the hospital; prototype design and development; prototype-based interviews with health professionals and focus groups with Vietnamese women. We explore how an app of this sort must be designed for a range of different use scenarios, considering its use by consumers with a multiplicity of differing viewpoints about its nature and purpose in relation to pregnancy care.
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    The operational environment and rotational acceleration of asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx observations
    Hergenrother, CW ; Maleszewski, CK ; Nolan, MC ; Li, J-Y ; d'Aubigny, CYD ; Shelly, FC ; Howell, ES ; Kareta, TR ; Izawa, MRM ; Barucci, MA ; Bierhaus, EB ; Campins, H ; Chesley, SR ; Clark, BE ; Christensen, EJ ; DellaGiustina, DN ; Fornasier, S ; Golish, DR ; Hartzell, CM ; Rizk, B ; Scheeres, DJ ; Smith, PH ; Zou, X-D ; Lauretta, DS ; Highsmith, DE ; Small, J ; Vokrouhlicky, D ; Bowles, NE ; Brown, E ; Hanna, KLD ; Warren, T ; Brunet, C ; Chicoine, RA ; Desjardins, S ; Gaudreau, D ; Haltigin, T ; Millington-Veloza, S ; Rubi, A ; Aponte, J ; Gorius, N ; Lunsford, A ; Allen, B ; Grindlay, J ; Guevel, D ; Hoak, D ; Hong, J ; Schrader, DL ; Bayron, J ; Golubov, O ; Sanchez, P ; Stromberg, J ; Hirabayashi, M ; Oliver, S ; Rascon, M ; Harch, A ; Joseph, J ; Squyres, S ; Richardson, D ; Emery, JP ; McGraw, L ; Ghent, R ; Binzel, RP ; Al Asad, MM ; Johnson, CL ; Philpott, L ; Susorney, HCM ; Cloutis, EA ; Hanna, RD ; Connolly, HC ; Ciceri, F ; Hildebrand, AR ; Ibrahim, E-M ; Breitenfeld, L ; Glotch, T ; Rogers, AD ; Ferrone, S ; Thomas, CA ; Fernandez, Y ; Chang, W ; Cheuvront, A ; Trang, D ; Tachibana, S ; Yurimoto, H ; Brucato, JR ; Poggiali, G ; Pajola, M ; Dotto, E ; Epifani, EM ; Crombie, MK ; Lantz, C ; de Leon, J ; Licandro, J ; Rizos Garcia, JL ; Clemett, S ; Thomas-Keprta, K ; Van Wal, S ; Yoshikawa, M ; Bellerose, J ; Bhaskaran, S ; Boyles, C ; Elder, CM ; Farnocchia, D ; Harbison, A ; Kennedy, B ; Knight, A ; Martinez-Vlasoff, N ; Mastrodemos, N ; McElrath, T ; Owen, W ; Park, R ; Rush, B ; Swanson, L ; Takahashi, Y ; Velez, D ; Yetter, K ; Thayer, C ; Adam, C ; Antreasian, P ; Bauman, J ; Bryan, C ; Carcich, B ; Corvin, M ; Geeraert, J ; Hoffman, J ; Leonard, JM ; Lessac-Chenen, E ; Levine, A ; McAdams, J ; McCarthy, L ; Nelson, D ; Page, B ; Pelgrift, J ; Sahr, E ; Stakkestad, K ; Stanbridge, D ; Wibben, D ; Williams, B ; Williams, K ; Wolff, P ; Hayne, P ; Kubitschek, D ; Deshapriya, JDP ; Fulchignoni, M ; Hasselmann, P ; Merlin, F ; Praet, A ; Billett, O ; Boggs, A ; Buck, B ; Carlson-Kelly, S ; Cerna, J ; Chaffin, K ; Church, E ; Coltrin, M ; Daly, J ; Deguzman, A ; Dubisher, R ; Eckart, D ; Ellis, D ; Falkenstern, P ; Fisher, A ; Fisher, ME ; Fleming, P ; Fortney, K ; Francis, S ; Freund, S ; Gonzales, S ; Haas, P ; Hasten, A ; Hauf, D ; Hilbert, A ; Howell, D ; Jaen, F ; Jayakody, N ; Jenkins, M ; Johnson, K ; Lefevre, M ; Ma, H ; Mario, C ; Martin, K ; May, C ; McGee, M ; Miller, B ; Miller, C ; Miller, G ; Mirfakhrai, A ; Muhle, E ; Norman, C ; Olds, R ; Parish, C ; Ryle, M ; Schmitzer, M ; Sherman, P ; Skeen, M ; Susak, M ; Sutter, B ; Tran, Q ; Welch, C ; Witherspoon, R ; Wood, J ; Zareski, J ; Arvizu-Jakubicki, M ; Asphaug, E ; Audi, E ; Ballouz, R-L ; Bandrowski, R ; Becker, KJ ; Becker, TL ; Bendall, S ; Bennett, CA ; Bloomenthal, H ; Blum, D ; Boynton, W ; Brodbeck, J ; Burke, KN ; Chojnacki, M ; Colpo, A ; Contreras, J ; Cutts, J ; Dean, D ; Diallo, B ; Drinnon, D ; Drozd, K ; Enos, HL ; Enos, R ; Fellows, C ; Ferro, T ; Fisher, MR ; Fitzgibbon, G ; Fitzgibbon, M ; Forelli, J ; Forrester, T ; Galinsky, I ; Garcia, R ; Gardner, A ; Habib, N ; Hamara, D ; Hammond, D ; Hanley, K ; Harshman, K ; Herzog, K ; Hill, D ; Hoekenga, C ; Hooven, S ; Huettner, E ; Janakus, A ; Jones, J ; Kidd, J ; Kingsbury, K ; Balram-Knutson, SS ; Koelbel, L ; Kreiner, J ; Lambert, D ; Lewin, C ; Lovelace, B ; Loveridge, M ; Lujan, M ; Malhotra, R ; Marchese, K ; McDonough, E ; Mogk, N ; Morrison, V ; Morton, E ; Munoz, R ; Nelson, J ; Padilla, J ; Pennington, R ; Polit, A ; Ramos, N ; Reddy, V ; Riehl, M ; Roper, HL ; Salazar, S ; Schwartz, SR ; Selznick, S ; Shultz, N ; Stewart, S ; Sutton, S ; Swindle, T ; Tang, YH ; Westermann, M ; Wolner, CW ; Worden, D ; Zega, T ; Zeszut, Z ; Bjurstrom, A ; Bloomquist, L ; Dickinson, C ; Keates, E ; Liang, J ; Nifo, V ; Taylor, A ; Teti, F ; Caplinger, M ; Bowles, H ; Carter, S ; Dickenshied, S ; Doerres, D ; Fisher, T ; Hagee, W ; Hill, J ; Miner, M ; Noss, D ; Piacentine, N ; Smith, M ; Toland, A ; Wren, P ; Bernacki, M ; Munoz, DP ; Watanabe, S ; Sandford, SA ; Aqueche, A ; Ashman, B ; Barker, M ; Bartels, A ; Berry, K ; Bos, B ; Burns, R ; Calloway, A ; Carpenter, R ; Castro, N ; Cosentino, R ; Donaldson, J ; Dworkin, JP ; Cook, JE ; Emr, C ; Everett, D ; Fennell, D ; Fleshman, K ; Folta, D ; Gallagher, D ; Garvin, J ; Getzandanner, K ; Glavin, D ; Hull, S ; Hyde, K ; Ido, H ; Ingegneri, A ; Jones, N ; Kaotira, P ; Lim, LF ; Liounis, A ; Lorentson, C ; Lorenz, D ; Lyzhoft, J ; Mazarico, EM ; Mink, R ; Moore, W ; Moreau, M ; Mullen, S ; Nagy, J ; Neumann, G ; Nuth, J ; Poland, D ; Reuter, DC ; Rhoads, L ; Rieger, S ; Rowlands, D ; Sallitt, D ; Scroggins, A ; Shaw, G ; Simon, AA ; Swenson, J ; Vasudeva, P ; Wasser, M ; Zellar, R ; Grossman, J ; Johnston, G ; Morris, M ; Wendel, J ; Burton, A ; Keller, LP ; McNamara, L ; Messenger, S ; Nakamura-Messenger, K ; Nguyen, A ; Righter, K ; Queen, E ; Bellamy, K ; Dill, K ; Gardner, S ; Giuntini, M ; Key, B ; Kissell, J ; Patterson, D ; Vaughan, D ; Wright, B ; Gaskell, RW ; Le Corre, L ; Molaro, JL ; Palmer, EE ; Siegler, MA ; Tricarico, P ; Weirich, JR ; Ireland, T ; Tait, K ; Bland, P ; Anwar, S ; Bojorquez-Murphy, N ; Christensen, PR ; Haberle, CW ; Mehall, G ; Rios, K ; Franchi, I ; Rozitis, B ; Beddingfield, CB ; Marshall, J ; Brack, DN ; French, AS ; McMahon, JW ; Jawin, ER ; McCoy, TJ ; Russell, S ; Killgore, M ; Bottke, WF ; Hamilton, VE ; Kaplan, HH ; Walsh, KJ ; Bandfield, JL ; Clark, BC ; Chodas, M ; Lambert, M ; Masterson, RA ; Daly, MG ; Freemantle, J ; Seabrook, JA ; Barnouin, OS ; Craft, K ; Daly, RT ; Ernst, C ; Espiritu, RC ; Holdridge, M ; Jones, M ; Nair, AH ; Nguyen, L ; Peachey, J ; Perry, ME ; Plescia, J ; Roberts, JH ; Steele, R ; Turner, R ; Backer, J ; Edmundson, K ; Mapel, J ; Milazzo, M ; Sides, S ; Manzoni, C ; May, B ; Delbo, M ; Libourel, G ; Michel, P ; Ryan, A ; Thuillet, F ; Marty, B (NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2019-03-19)
    During its approach to asteroid (101955) Bennu, NASA's Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft surveyed Bennu's immediate environment, photometric properties, and rotation state. Discovery of a dusty environment, a natural satellite, or unexpected asteroid characteristics would have had consequences for the mission's safety and observation strategy. Here we show that spacecraft observations during this period were highly sensitive to satellites (sub-meter scale) but reveal none, although later navigational images indicate that further investigation is needed. We constrain average dust production in September 2018 from Bennu's surface to an upper limit of 150 g s-1 averaged over 34 min. Bennu's disk-integrated photometric phase function validates measurements from the pre-encounter astronomical campaign. We demonstrate that Bennu's rotation rate is accelerating continuously at 3.63 ± 0.52 × 10-6 degrees day-2, likely due to the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect, with evolutionary implications.
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    Psychosocial Well-Being and Functional Outcomes in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes 12 years After Disease Onset
    Northam, EA ; Lin, A ; Finch, S ; Weather, GA ; Cameron, FJ (AMER DIABETES ASSOC, 2010-07)
    OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes in youth and community controls were compared on functional outcomes. Relationships were examined between psychosocial variables at diagnosis and functional outcome 12 years later. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were subjects with type 1 diabetes (n = 110, mean age 20.7 years, SD 4.3) and control subjects (n = 76, mean age 20.8 years, SD 4.0). The measures used included the Youth Self-Report and Young Adult Self-Report and a semi-structured interview of functional outcomes. Type 1 diabetes participants also provided information about current diabetes care and metabolic control from diagnosis. RESULTS: Type 1 diabetes participants and control subjects reported similar levels of current well-being but for the youth with type 1 diabetes, the mental health referral rates over the previous 12 years were higher by 19% and school completion rates were lower by 17%. Over one-third of clinical participants were not currently receiving specialist care and this group had higher mental health service usage in the past (61 vs. 33%) and lower current psychosocial well- being. Within the type 1 diabetes group, behavior problems, high activity, and low family cohesion at diagnosis predicted lower current well-being, but were not associated with metabolic control history. Poorer metabolic control was associated with higher mental health service usage. CONCLUSIONS: Type 1 diabetes participants report similar levels of current psychosocial well-being compared with control subjects, but higher levels of psychiatric morbidity since diagnosis and lower school completion rates. Psychiatric morbidity was associated with poor metabolic control and failure to transition to tertiary adult diabetes care.
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    Peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume in adolescents with major depressive disorder
    Blom, EH ; Han, LKM ; Connolly, CG ; Ho, TC ; Lin, J ; LeWinn, KZ ; Simmons, AN ; Sacchet, MD ; Mobayed, N ; Luna, ME ; Paulus, M ; Epel, ES ; Blackburn, EH ; Wolkowitz, OM ; Yang, TT (SPRINGERNATURE, 2015-11-10)
    Several studies have reported that adults with major depressive disorder have shorter telomere length and reduced hippocampal volumes. Moreover, studies of adult populations without major depressive disorder suggest a relationship between peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume. However, the relationship of these findings in adolescents with major depressive disorder has yet to be explored. We examined whether adolescent major depressive disorder is associated with altered peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume, and whether these measures relate to one another. In 54 unmedicated adolescents (13-18 years) with major depressive disorder and 63 well-matched healthy controls, telomere length was assessed from saliva using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods, and bilateral hippocampal volumes were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. After adjusting for age and sex (and total brain volume in the hippocampal analysis), adolescents with major depressive disorder exhibited significantly shorter telomere length and significantly smaller right, but not left hippocampal volume. When corrected for age, sex, diagnostic group and total brain volume, telomere length was not significantly associated with left or right hippocampal volume, suggesting that these cellular and neural processes may be mechanistically distinct during adolescence. Our findings suggest that shortening of telomere length and reduction of hippocampal volume are already present in early-onset major depressive disorder and thus unlikely to be only a result of accumulated years of exposure to major depressive disorder.
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    An investigation into the association of pre- and post-migration experiences on the self-rated health status among new resettled adult humanitarian refugees to Australia: a protocol for a mixed methods study.
    Dowling, A ; Enticott, J ; Kunin, M ; Russell, G (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2019-04-30)
    BACKGROUND: Refugees are one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. They are at risk of poor physical and mental health outcomes, much of this attributed to traumatic events prior to migration and the additional risk factors refugees face in the host nations. However, how migration factors shape the health of resettling refugees is not well understood. This study uses a mixed methods approach to examine how pre- and post-migration factors shape the self-rated health of resettling adult refugees in an effort to address the current knowledge gap. METHODS: This study will use a sequential explanatory mixed method study design. We begin by analyzing resettlement and health data from the 'Building a New Life In Australia' longitudinal study of humanitarian refugees resettled in Australia to identify significant associations between migration factors and refugee health. Then, a series of semi-structured interviews with resettled refugees will further explore the lived experiences of refugees with respect to the relationship between migration and refugee health. Finally, we will integrate both sets of findings to develop a detailed understanding of how and why migratory factors contribute to refugee health during resettlement. DISCUSSION: There is a paucity of studies that examine the multidimensional nature of refugee health during resettlement and as a result, little is understood about their resettlement health needs. This information is required to inform existing or new resettlement interventions to help promote or improve refugee health. To overcome these limitations in the research knowledge, this study will use a mixture of study methods to illustrate the complex and multifaceted determinants of refugee health during resettlement in Australia.