Office for Environmental Programs - Theses
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ItemExploring the potential of values-based public food procurement to catalyse food systems change through Brazil’s National School Feeding Program( 2023)This paper investigates the potential for values-based public food procurement to catalyse positive food systems reforms by supporting ecologically sustainable food production, rural livelihoods, improved nutrition, and bypassing corporate food supply chains. Values-based public food procurement (VBPFP) is the act of leveraging public institutional food budgets to support social and environmental goods such as uplifting small farms or preferentially purchasing more sustainably grown or nutritious food (Heenan et al., 2022). In this paper, I explore the case study of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE), a federally mandated and longstanding VBPFP school feeding program that requires schools to purchase a minimum of 30% of their food from family farms and has strict regulations around the use of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in schools (Gaitán-Cremaschi et al., 2022). Due to the nature of the PNAE’s regulations and the policy’s focus on supporting family farms, I examine the role that small farms play in promoting agroecological production, supporting food security, improving nutrition, and challenging corporate power structures in food systems (Wittman & Blesh, 2017). To structure my analysis, I employ a political economy of food theoretical lens which continually attunes the research to questions of where power is held, how the interests of these powerful forces have shaped food systems, and how emerging models of VBPFP can address these systems of power, promoting environmentally sustainable, equitable, and nutritious food (Bené, 2022; Swinnen, 2018). I also bring in the concept of food sovereignty which highlights the rights of smaller producers to design a food system that meets their needs and empowers them, as opposed to the industrial food systems in which they lack agency and their interests are minimised (Wittman & Blesh, 2017; Cruz & van de Fliert, 2022). The concept of food sovereignty comes up in various pieces of Brazilian legislation, including the PNAE. This signals a national awareness of its importance and ties it to rural livelihoods, family farms, and agroecology, all of which are central to this analysis (dos Santos & Torres, 2022). I explore the uniquely enabling policy environment in which the PNAE is situated in hopes that elements of this environment might be replicated in other contexts where VBPFP schemes are being employed (Moreira et al., 2023). I attempt to shed light on both the strengths and limitations of the PNAE, as perceived by both producers and procuring bodies, and bring in potential solutions to the challenges that have been identified in the literature (Souza & Fornazier, 2022; Boito & Passador, 2023). I analyse the PNAE’s impacts on advancing agroecology, small farm livelihoods, nutrition, food sovereignty, and shifting food systems power structures (Guerra et al., 2017). I end the paper with a section that briefly compares and contrasts the PNAE to other VBPFP case studies and includes a table that illustrates some of the PNAE’s key and defining features.
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ItemAssessment of Food Waste Management Options in Dehiowita, Sri Lanka( 2023)Food waste management is one of the major concerns in Sri Lanka due to numerous social and environmental consequences resulting from open waste dumping. National waste policies have facilitated food waste diversion from landfills using different treatment methods. This study reviewed the food waste composition, characteristics, and potential household food waste management methods for Dehiowita, Sri Lanka. A simplified lifecycle assessment method, the MECO matrix, and economic assessment were used to evaluate the environmental impacts and economic feasibility of open dumping, windrow composting, sanitary landfilling, anaerobic digestion, and home composting. The food waste composition from 49% to 69% in Sri Lanka offers good fertilizer and energy production potential. Food waste chemical characteristics attributed both positive and negative impacts to each treatment method. Food waste open dumping showed the highest environmental impacts due to liquid and gaseous emissions and chemical usage. Open dumping, sanitary landfilling, windrow composting, and anaerobic digestion with 1 kg of food waste resulted in 763.74 gCO2eq, 1064.25 gCO2eq,145.02 gCO2eq and 26.87 gCO2eq GHG emissions respectively. Home composting resulted in negative emissions (-17 gCO2eq) with offsets from chemical fertilizer reduction. Sanitary landfilling and open dumping were identified as economically and environmentally unsuitable options for food waste management in Sri Lanka due to high initial investment with no return on revenue and high GHG emissions. Windrow composting, Anaerobic digestion and home composting result in a cost-benefit ratio of 0.88, 18.78 and 2.9, respectively and 1.02, 20.41,3.08, considering CO2 offsets. However, the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion depends on organic fertilizer production from liquid digestate. And the composting capacity determines the profitability of windrow composting. In conclusion, anaerobic digestion and windrow composting are economically and environmentally feasible options for Dehiowita LA to treat collected waste, while home composting, as a carbon-neutral method, can be used domestically. Finally, these findings provide valuable information for developing future household waste management policies in Sri Lanka.
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ItemEffectiveness of non-structural measures for mitigating the flood risk: a case study of Bangladesh( 2023)Over the last century, floods severely impacted life and livelihoods around the globe, which resulted in the evolution of risk management from traditional disaster management approaches, switching the focus towards hazard and vulnerability rather than disaster. Deltaic formation and geomorphological circumstances have positioned Bangladesh in a highly vulnerable situation, severely impacting the developing economy. The country gradually shifted from a prevention and relief-based response to a preparedness and resilience approach, popularising non-structural flood control measures. Enhanced focus is given to establishing a risk management framework concentrating on non-structural measures despite critically evaluating their effectiveness in risk mitigation. Based on facts and figures, this research evaluates non-structural measures’ effectiveness in vulnerability reduction. The storyline approach holistically examines the existing risk management framework, comprising structural and non-structural measures. Trendline and cause-effect relationships of the indicators provide evidence of the effectiveness of non-structural measures after their inception from the benchmarking period. Furthermore, early warning, a well-practised non-structural measures efficiency was evaluated based on its responses to improve unsafe conditions. A risk matrix provided the ranking of unsafe conditions, which requires further concentration as the early warning system requires modification to improve the scenario. Finally, top unsafe conditions were analysed with international best practices and their experiences to be integrated into the early warning to appear as a more sustainable solution. Analysis of the storyline approach shows the effectiveness of the existing framework and the influence of non-structural measures on indicators accepted by the Sendai framework. It appears that casualty, loss of economy, agriculture and livestock reduced significantly after the inception of non-structural measures resembling its effectiveness. Moreover, critical evaluation of early warning shows its efficiency in improving most of the unsafe conditions and reducing vulnerability. However, ranking unsafe conditions in the risk matrix signifies the scope of improvement of early warning to become more inclusive regarding demographic factors such as gender, age and income. Finally, in line with global experience, solutions were sourced for disseminating the inclusive early warning message more effectively and efficiently amongst the community. The research provides essential findings of early warning’s effectiveness, which can be replicated to examine for similar other measures and can be incorporated to reform dynamic risk management guidelines.
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ItemTowards carbon-neutral farming: attitudes and motivations of dairy and red meat farmers in South Gippsland to reduce greenhouse gas emissions( 2023)In the face of potentially catastrophic climate change, Australian agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and hence an important target for reductions. This requires action from individual farmers, however to date research has focused on their beliefs and motivations with respect to adaptation to climate change and carbon storage as an additional revenue stream. There is limited research on farmers’ attitudes and motivations towards reducing their GHGe. Using semi-structured interviews, focused on ten dairy and red meat farmers in South Gippsland, a nested case study was completed testing the hypothesis that farmers’ attitudes and motivations to reduce GHGe would be driven by a combination of values, economic factors, industry leadership and a desire to maintain social licence for their products. The data was analysed through the lens of three theoretical frameworks: values-beliefs-norms, adoption and diffusion and organisational legitimacy. The research found that farmers’ attitudes were positive towards reducing on farm GHGe, and all had undertaken at least one action which would reduce their GHGe, even if this was not the direct intent. However, farmers were concerned about the equity of reducing GHGe, seeking to share the cost with consumers. Further equity issues were raised regarding GHGe and carbon sequestration assessment. Overall, the farmers did not express much motivation towards reducing GHGe to obtain social licence for their products. There are various sources of leadership within the two sectors including industry representative bodies, government and processors, which appeared to create some confusion around sources of information. The farmers desired more information, and to be part of knowledge creation. This led to a subsequent research question about actions required to encourage farmers to reduce GHGe, and the application of Agricultural Innovation Systems perspective theory to the findings.
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ItemDoes a state-and-transition model designed focused on vegetation in temperate eucalypt woodlands represent bird communities?( 2022)Temperate eucalypt woodlands have declined across southern Australia due to agricultural expansion. A state-and-transition model (STM) has been developed to aid in the restoration of Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) woodlands in the Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority (GBCMA). This STM has been developed based on vegetation, the aim of this study was to explore whether it could also be applied to bird communities. For an STM to adequately represent fauna it must be based on the vegetation characteristics that are functionally important to the species of interest. Along with vegetation, predatory and competitive interactions between species are important in shaping faunal communities. In the case of birds in this environment the overabundant aggressive bird species, the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) is known to contribute to shaping bird communities. The relationship between bird diversity and species composition, with state was analysed. The effect of noisy miners and vegetation characteristics on bird communities were explored. The results suggest that while bird diversity (overall abundance and species richness) showed little difference between sites, species composition varies. This highlights the need to set clear management objectives and shows potential of the STM to predict how at-risk groups of species may respond to management actions. The results are consistent with the literature on the negative effect of noisy miners on bird abundance, especially small woodland specialist birds. Medium shrubs and trees with a diameter at breast height < 40cm positively affected overall bird abundance and negatively affected noisy miner abundance and therefore could be used to improve state definitions so that they better represent birds.
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ItemCulturally and linguistically diverse communities and bushfire preparedness in Victoria, Australia: The experiences and perspectives of government and agency staff( 2022)People from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities are often identified as being more vulnerable to natural hazards due to a range of social, cultural, economic, and linguistic factors. In turn, with Australia’s population being increasingly characterised by cultural diversity there has been growing recognition of the importance of the inclusion and participation of CALD communities in bushfire planning and preparedness, to both reduce vulnerability and support resilience. Despite this, there exists a significant gap in the literature pertaining to the experiences and perspectives of government and agency staff in strengthening the resilience of CALD communities in this area, resulting in little published insight into the factors that shape the consideration and inclusion of CALD communities in bushfire preparedness and response. To improve understanding in this area, seven in-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with Victorian government and agency staff who have a role or experience in engaging and working with CALD communities. Additionally, a document analysis was undertaken of key strategic plans and policy documents. Through the reflexive thematic analysis of the interview and document data, four key themes were identified. These included the consideration of the inclusion of CALD communities in emergency management documents, understanding and defining the concept of community, challenges to and needs for engaging with CALD communities, and reflections on successful engagement with CALD communities. These themes in turn provided important insights into the value of intersectionality for understanding CALD communities, the needs and opportunities available in capacity building and investing in preparedness, and the role of social capital in developing relationships with CALD communities.
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ItemReviewing structural and functional indicators in aquatic ecosystem management programmes( 2022)Ecosystem function is a foundational part of ecosystem health, but it is often neglected in the practice of ecosystem management. Utilising a systematic literature review, this thesis conducted a state-of-evidence review, analysing sixty (n = 60) grey literature documents across multiple countries and organisations to understand the prevalence of function in measures and conceptions of ecosystem health. Only 28% (n = 13) of analysed documents included definitions of waterway health that included function, and only 30% (n = 18) integrated function into their conceptions of waterway health. More generally, this thesis observed noticeable deviation in analysed documents from management best practices advocated for by contemporary ecosystem science – including occluded rationales, vague language, and imprecise metrics for assessing waterway health – and discusses these findings with a narrative-style review of similar trends in the broader ecosystem management context. These results support previous observations of a strong structural bias in current ecosystem health monitoring regimes and suggest the need for closer examinations into the processes and rationales by which such an important factor could be ignored in current monitoring regimens.
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ItemThe Effect of Artificial Light at Night on the Ecological Soundscape: A Community Level Response( 2022)Artificial light at night (ALAN) is widespread, unprecedented and continues to expand rapidly due to increasing urbanisation. The biological effects of ALAN on natural systems and individuals have been uncovered over the last two decades, yet the impacts on ecological communities (interconnected groups of populations occupying the same area) have remained largely unexplored. In this study, I assessed the effect of ALAN on the ecological soundscape (the combination of sounds which define the environment) of different communities across an urban-rural gradient. I deployed bioacoustic recorders across six sites of differing levels of light pollution and urbanisation for two weeks, from sunrise to sunset, to analyse the variation of species diversity and acoustic complexity using established bioacoustic indices (Acoustic Complexity Index (a measure of species diversity), Root Mean Squared (as proxy for anthropogenic noise) and Acoustic Entropy (the complexity of sounds in an environment). Accounting for abiotic factors such as weather and anthropogenic noise, I found that natural variation in moonlight and light cues of key daily transitions were masked by artificial light, affecting species diversity and acoustic complexity in sites with greater urbanisation. Temperature was positively correlated, and windspeed and traffic noise were negatively correlated to species diversity. Both abiotic factors and masking can result in decreased fitness of individuals, altered trophic interactions and disrupted predator-prey mechanisms. Additionally, urban communities demonstrated stable levels of acoustic entropy despite species diversity decreasing, consistent with temporal niche partitioning (the coevolution of activities at differing times amongst species in a community to decrease competition). Understanding the mechanisms behind the impact of ALAN on ecological communities can assist in limiting the impact of anthropogenic pressures on the environment.
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Item(Em)Powering a Region and Shifting Coal-tures: Alternative Frameworks for a Just Energy Transition in the Latrobe Valley( 2022)What role do identity and emotion play in energy transitions? Not commonly considered in techno-economic metanarratives on energy transitions, emotional geographers and feminist scholars illuminate the need to consider the localised, socio-emotional relations of communities facing decarbonisation. Literature in this space reveals how extractive industries represent as ‘masculine, rational, economic, emotionless’ sites. Operating to conceal non-hegemonic gender identities and particular emotions as they are relegated to feminine subjectivities. In seeking out alternative frameworks beyond the existing energy paradigm for a just transition, this research poses the questions: How are identity and emotion present in news media on mining transitions in the Latrobe Valley, and what are the implications of these discursive framings for transition futures? Guided by a conceptual framework founded in critical feminist theory, this thesis contributes to the emergent field of gender and energy transitions, distinguished by the joint application of intersectional theory and a politics of emotion. I explore these questions through a thematic analysis of eighteen newspaper articles, published about the case study region of the Latrobe Valley between 2014 and 2022. This research interrogates the central and supporting identities in news media, and the material implications of these discursive framings for transition futures. The analysis further examines the emotional recollections of these subjects, conceptualising the role of affective subjectivities in (re)constructing community identity, and (re)imagining a collective post-carbon future. The findings reveal representations of identity in news media reflect normative gender stereotypes, privileging masculine identities in transition futures, whilst identities of social differences and affective recollections are supressed or omitted entirely. Contributing to the nascent body of scholarship on extractive landscapes as gendered, emotional geographies, this study presents the need for energy transitions in the Latrobe Valley to be considered as socio-material-emotional processes. Highlighting how exclusion of these tenets in news media work to shape meaning-making of transitions.
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ItemWhat is the impact of glitter, as a type of microplastics, on springtail, Folsomia candida?( 2022)With the rapid development of urbanization, plastics are continuously produced in the industry, and large amount of them are released to the environment. When plastics released to the environment, they could be degraded by physical, chemical, or biological approaches to form microplastics. Microplastics, the mixed plastics with size smaller than 5 mm, have raised more concern than before as an emerging contaminant that can affect the environment and ecosystem. Furthermore, microplastics have high variety on their size, shape, and polymer type, which increase the difficulty to measure their toxicity and quantify them in natural environments. Glitter, a primary source of microplastics, is usually used in cloth and cosmetic, which normal structure include a polymer coating, a colored aluminum coating, and core PET film. Glitter may directly release to the environments because there is no regulation on the recycle of glitter, and thus many researchers urged to promote biodegradable glitter, a plant-based glitter, as an alternatives to replace conventional PET glitter. However, there may have already large amounts of PET glitter released to the environment, but previous studies on microplastic analysis usually ignored resulting from the pretreatment of sample cannot filter out the PET glitter. In terrestrial environment, glitter may cause the detrimental effect on soil invertebrate, leading to the survival decrease and reproduction inhibition. Therefore, it is critical to estimate the toxicity of PET glitter as well as biodegradable glitter. In this study, an exposure experiment is conducted to assess the toxicity of microfine PET glitter and two biodegradable glitters on the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida, which is a collembola species widespread in the world. The results showed that reproduction was inhibited when F. candida expose to microfine PET glitter at the concentration of 1000 mg/kg. In contrast, no significant reproduction inhibition and survival decrease is observed when F. candida expose to two types of biodegradable glitters. Therefore, it implies that biodegradable glitter has lower toxicity than PET glitter, and biodegradable glitter can be an alternative to replace PET glitter. There are two possible mechanisms: Chemical toxicity by glitter additives and alteration of feeding behavior. These assumptions require further investigation, which is pointed out as future direction.