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ItemNo Preview Available165-OR: Early Electronic Consultation Reduces Glucose and Health Care–Associated Infection in Hospital—The STOIC-D Surgery Randomised Controlled Trial(American Diabetes Association, 2023)Aims: To assess the effect of early intervention with electronic-based proactive specialist diabetes care in surgical inpatients on glycaemia and clinical outcomes. Methods: The Specialist Treatment of Inpatients: Caring for Diabetes (STOIC-D) Surgery randomised controlled trial (RCT) recruited consecutive adults admitted to surgical units of the Royal Melbourne Hospital (Australia) in 2021 with diabetes or blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL and length of stay (LOS) ≥24 hours. Intervention arm patients received remote proactive consultation by the inpatient diabetes service (IDS) in the electronic medical record (Epic®) within 24 hours of admission and, if escalation criteria were met, received a bedside consultation. Patients receiving standard care were reviewed by the IDS at the bedside only following referral. Insulin and non-insulin agents were used to target glucose 90-180 mg/dL. Outcomes included glucometrics, healthcare-associated infection (HAI), and mortality. Registration: ACTRN12620001303932. Results: 1,383 admissions met inclusion criteria; 689 received the intervention. The primary outcome of mean patient-day mean glucose was lower in the active (158.4 mg/dL, standard deviation [SD] 48.6) vs. control arm (162.0 mg/dL, SD 46.8, p<0.001). HAI (most commonly pneumonia) was lower in the active vs. control arm (11% vs. 16%, p=0.02). Mortality (2.4% vs. 4.2%, p=0.08) and LOS (10.7 vs. 10.0 days, p=0.26) were no different. The number needed to treat for HAI prevention was 22. Hypoglycaemia <72 mg/dL was not increased (1.0% active vs. 0.9% control, p=0.23). The IDS performed a bedside consultation in 333 (49%) of the active vs. 93 (14%) of the control arm. Conclusion: The STOIC-D Surgery trial is the largest RCT of a diabetes model-of-care intervention in non-critical care. Early, electronic-based specialist diabetes intervention significantly reduced patient-day mean glucose and HAIs in a surgical population.
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ItemLongitudinal Digital Glucometric Benchmarking to Evaluate the Impact of Institutional Diabetes Care Initiatives in Adults With Diabetes Mellitus Over the 2016-2020 Period.(SAGE Publications, 2024-05)BACKGROUND: While glucometric benchmarking has been used to compare glucose management between institutions, the value of longitudinal intra-institution benchmarking to assess quality improvement changes is not established. METHODS: A prospective six-month observational study (October 2019-March 2020 inclusive) of inpatients with diabetes or newly detected hyperglycemia admitted to eight medical and surgical wards at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Networked blood glucose (BG) meters were used to collect capillary BG levels. Outcomes were measures of glycemic control assessed by mean and threshold glucometric measures and comparison with published glucometric benchmarks. Intra-institution comparison was over the 2016-2020 period. RESULTS: In all, 620 admissions (588 unique individuals) met the inclusion criteria, contributing 15 164 BG results over 4023 admission-days. Compared with the 2016 cohort from the same institution, there was increased BG testing (3.8 [SD = 2.2) vs 3.3 [SD = 1.7] BG measurements per patient-day, P < .001), lower mean patient-day mean glucose (PDMG; 8.9 mmol/L [SD = 3.2] vs 9.5 mmol/L [SD = 3.3], P < .001), and reduced mean and threshold measures of hyperglycemia (P < .001 for all). Comparison with institutions across the United States revealed lower incidence of mean PDMG >13.9 or >16.7 mmol/L, and reduced hypoglycemia (<3.9, <2.8, and <2.2 mmol/L), when compared with published benchmarks from an earlier period (2009-2014). CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive digital-based glucometric benchmarking confirmed institutional quality improvement changes were followed by reduced hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in a five-year comparison. Longitudinal glucometric benchmarking enables evaluation and validation of changes to institutional diabetes care management practices.
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ItemIn-hospital hyperglycemia but not diabetes mellitus alone is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies prior to COVID-19(BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, 2022-07)The objective of this review was to quantify the association between diabetes, hyperglycemia, and outcomes in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Two investigators independently screened records identified in the PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases. Cohort and case-control studies quantitatively evaluating associations between diabetes and in-hospital hyperglycemia with outcomes in adults admitted to hospital with CAP were included. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, effect size using random-effects models, and heterogeneity using I2 statistics. Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Hyperglycemia was associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.50) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (crude OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.84). There was no association between diabetes status and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.51), 30-day mortality (adjusted OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.67), or ICU admission (crude OR 1.91, 95% CI 0.74 to 4.95). Diabetes was associated with increased mortality in all studies reporting >90-day postdischarge mortality and with longer length of stay only for studies reporting crude (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.01) results. In adults hospitalized with CAP, in-hospital hyperglycemia but not diabetes alone is associated with increased in-hospital mortality and ICU admission. Diabetes status is associated with increased >90-day postdischarge mortality. Implications for management are that in-hospital hyperglycemia carries a greater risk for in-hospital morbidity and mortality than diabetes alone in patients admitted with non-COVID-19 CAP. Evaluation of strategies enabling timely and effective management of in-hospital hyperglycemia in CAP is warranted.
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ItemHypothyroidism associated with therapy for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia(WILEY, 2019-03)BACKGROUND: Reports from resource-poor countries have associated thionamide- and para-aminosalicylate sodium (PAS)-based treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) with the development of hypothyroidism. AIM: To identify predictors and assess the cumulative proportions of hypothyroidism in patients treated for MDR-TB with these agents in Australia. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre study of MDR-TB patients from five academic centres covering tuberculosis (TB) services in Victoria, Australia. Patients were identified using each centre's pharmacy department and cross checked with the Victorian Tuberculosis Program. Hypothyroidism was categorised as subclinical if the thyroid-stimulating hormone was elevated and as overt if free thyroxine (fT4) was additionally reduced on two separate occasions. Our main outcome measured was the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism (at 5 years from treatment initiation). RESULTS: Of the 29 cases available for analysis, the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism at 5 years was 37% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0-57.8%). Eight of the nine affected cases developed hypothyroidism within the first 12 months of treatment. Hypothyroidism was marginally (P = 0.06) associated with higher prothionamide/PAS dosing and was reversible with cessation of the anti-tuberculosis medication. CONCLUSIONS: Prothionamide/PAS treatment-associated hypothyroidism is common in MDR-TB patients in Australia, emphasising the importance of regular thyroid function monitoring during this treatment. Thyroid hormone replacement, if initiated, may not need to be continued after MDR-TB treatment is completed.