Anatomy and Neuroscience - Research Publications

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Start date: 2016 × End date: 2016 × Author: Wilhelm, Ingrid Dagmar ×

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    Non-coding RNAs: An Introduction
    Yang, JX ; Rastetter, RH ; Wilhelm, D ; Wilhelm, D ; Bernard, P (SPRINGER, 2016)
    For many years the main role of RNA, it addition to the housekeeping functions of for example tRNAs and rRNAs, was believed to be a messenger between the genes encoded on the DNA and the functional units of the cell, the proteins. This changed drastically with the identification of the first small non-coding RNA, termed microRNA, some 20 years ago. This discovery opened the field of regulatory RNAs with no or little protein-coding potential. Since then many new classes of regulatory non-coding RNAs, including endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), PIWI-associated RNAs (piRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs, have been identified and we have made amazing progress in elucidating their expression, biogenesis, mechanisms and mode of action, and function in many, if not all, biological processes. In this chapter we provide an introduction about the current knowledge of the main classes of non-coding RNAs, what is know about their biogenesis and mechanism of function.
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    WNT/β-catenin and p27/FOXL2 differentially regulate supporting cell proliferation in the developing ovary
    Gustin, SE ; Hogg, K ; Stringer, JM ; Rastetter, RH ; Pelosi, E ; Miles, DC ; Sinclair, AH ; Wilhelm, D ; Western, PS (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2016-04-15)
    Sexual development is initiated through differentiation of testicular Sertoli cells or ovarian granulosa cells. Although these supporting cells are considered to develop from common bipotential precursors, recent evidence suggests that distinct supporting cell populations are present in the ovary, with one providing granulosa cells of the medullary follicles and the other providing granulosa cells of the cortical follicles, the latter of which support lifelong fertility. Here, we demonstrate that XX fetal gonads contain GATA4 expressing supporting cells that either enter mitotic arrest, or remain proliferative. Blocking WNT signalling reduces XX supporting cell proliferation, while stabilising β-catenin signalling promotes proliferation, indicating that the renewal of pre-granulosa cells is dependent on WNT/β-catenin signalling in the proliferative supporting cell population. In contrast, XX supporting cells express p27 and FOXL2 and are maintained in mitotic arrest. Although FOXL2 is required for maintaining high levels of p27 expression, it is dispensable for entry and maintenance of mitotic arrest in XX supporting cells. Combined our data suggest that both medullary and cortical precursors arise from a common GATA4 expressing cell type. In addition, this work indicates that a balance between supporting cell self-renewal and differentiation is maintained in the developing ovary by relative WNT/β-catenin and p27/FOXL2 activities. This study provides significant new insights into the origin and formation of ovarian follicles and evidence supporting a common fetal origin of medullary and cortical granulosa cells.
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    Non-Coding RNA and the Reproductive System
    Wilhelm, D ; Bernard, P ; Wilhelm, D ; Bernard, P (SPRINGER, 2016)
    This book provides an overview of the role and function of regulatory RNAs that lack protein-coding potential in key reproductive tissues.