Computing and Information Systems - Theses
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ItemMicroservices-based Internet of Things Applications Placement in Fog Computing Environments( 2023-02)The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is rapidly improving various application domains such as healthcare, smart city, Industrial IoT (IIoT), and intelligent transportation by interweaving sensors, actuators and data analytics platforms to create smart environments. Initially, the cloud-centric IoT was introduced as a viable solution for processing and storing massive amounts of data generated by IoT devices. However, with rapidly increasing data volumes, data transmission from geo-distributed IoT devices to the centralised Cloud incurs high network congestion and high latency. Thus, cloud-centric IoT often fails to satisfy the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of latency-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry IoT application services. Fog computing paradigm extends cloud-like services towards the edge of the network, thus offering low latency service delivery. However, Fog nodes are distributed, heterogeneous and resource-constrained, creating the need to utilise both Fog and Cloud resources to execute IoT applications in a QoS-aware manner. Meanwhile, MicroService Architecture (MSA) has emerged as a powerful application architecture capable of satisfying the development and deployment needs of rapidly evolving IoT applications. The fine-grained modularity of microservices, their independently deployable and scalable nature, along with the lack of centralised management, demonstrate immense potential in harnessing the power of distributed Fog and Cloud resources to meet the QoS requirements of IoT applications. Furthermore, the loosely coupled nature of microservices enables the dynamic composition of distributed microservices to achieve diverse performance requirements of IoT applications while utilising distributed computing resources. To this end, efficient placement of microservices plays a vital role, and scalable placement techniques can use MSA characteristics to harvest the full potential of the Fog computing paradigm. This thesis investigates novel placement techniques and systems for microservices-based IoT applications in Fog computing environments. Proposed approaches identify MSA characteristics to overcome challenges within the Fog computing environments and make use of them to fulfil heterogeneous QoS requirements of IoT application services in terms of service latency, budget, throughput and reliability while utilising Fog and Cloud resources in a balanced manner. This thesis advances the state-of-the-art in Fog computing by making the following key contributions: 1. A comprehensive taxonomy and literature review on the placement of microservices-based IoT applications considering different aspects, namely modelling microservices-based applications, creating application placement policies, microservice composition, and performance evaluation, in Fog computing environments. 2. A distributed placement technique for scalable deployment of microservices to minimise the latency of the application services and network usage due to IoT data transmission. 3. A robust placement technique for batch placement of microservices-based IoT applications, where the technique considers the placement of a set of applications simultaneously to optimise the QoS satisfaction of application services in terms of makespan, budget and throughput while dynamically utilising Fog and Cloud resources. 4. A reliability-aware placement technique for proactive redundant placement of microservices to improve reliability satisfaction in a throughput and cost-aware manner. 5. A software framework for microservices-based IoT application placement and dynamic composition across federated Fog and Cloud computing environments.