Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Research Publications

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    Mid-infrared spectral reconstruction with dielectric metasurfaces and dictionary learning
    Russell, BJ ; Cadusch, JJ ; Meng, J ; Wen, D ; Crozier, KB (Optica Publishing Group, 2022-05-15)
    Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy has numerous industrial applications and is usually performed with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. While these work well for many purposes, there is currently much interest in alternative approaches that are smaller and lighter, i.e., MIR microspectrometers. Here we investigate all-dielectric metasurfaces as spectral filters for MIR microspectrometers. Two metasurface types are studied. For the first, we design, fabricate, and test a metasurface with a narrow and angularly tunable transmission stop band. We use it to reconstruct the transmission spectra of various materials. The second metasurface, investigated theoretically, possesses narrow passband features via symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum.
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    Genetic optimization of mid-infrared filters for a machine learning chemical classifier.
    Tan, H ; Cadusch, JJ ; Meng, J ; Crozier, KB (Optica Publishing Group, 2022-05-23)
    Miniaturized mid-infrared spectrometers present opportunities for applications that range from health monitoring to agriculture. One approach combines arrays of spectral filters with infrared photodetectors, called filter-array detector-array (FADA) microspectrometers. A paper recently reported a FADA microspectrometer in tandem with machine learning for chemical identification. In that work, a FADA microspectrometer with 20 filters was assembled and tested. The filters were band-pass, or band-stop designs that evenly spanned the microspectrometer's operating wavelength range. However, given that a machine learning classifier can be trained on an arbitrary filter basis, it is not apparent that evenly spaced filters are optimal. Here, through simulations with noise, we use a genetic algorithm to optimize six bandpass filters to best identify liquid and gaseous chemicals. We report that the classifiers trained with the optimized filter sets outperform those trained with evenly spaced filter sets and those handpicked to target the absorption bands of the chemicals investigated.
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    Visible to Short-Wave Infrared Photodetectors Based on ZrGeTe4 van der Waals Materials
    Yan, W ; Johnson, BC ; Balendhran, S ; Cadusch, J ; Yan, D ; Michel, JI ; Wang, S ; Zheng, T ; Crozier, K ; Bullock, J (AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2021-09-29)
    The self-terminated, layered structure of van der Waals materials introduces fundamental advantages for infrared (IR) optoelectronic devices. These are mainly associated with the potential for low noise while maintaining high internal quantum efficiency when reducing IR absorber thicknesses. In this study, we introduce a new van der Waals material candidate, zirconium germanium telluride (ZrGeTe4), to a growing family of promising IR van der Waals materials. We find the bulk form ZrGeTe4 has an indirect band edge around ∼0.5 eV, in close agreement with previous theoretical predictions. This material is found to be stable up to 140 °C and shows minimal compositional variation even after >30 days storage in humid air. We demonstrate simple proof-of-concept broad spectrum photodetectors with responsivities above 0.1 AW-1 across both the visible and short-wave infrared wavelengths. This corresponds to a specific detectivity of ∼109 cm Hz1/2 W-1 at λ = 1.4 μm at room temperature. These devices show a linear photoresponse vs illumination intensity relationship over ∼4 orders of magnitude, and fast rise/fall times of ∼50 ns, also verified by a 3 dB roll-off frequency of 5.9 MHz. As the first demonstration of photodetection using ZrGeTe4, these characteristics measured on a simple proof-of-concept device show the exciting potential of the ZrGeTe4 for room temperature IR optoelectronic applications.
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    Copper Tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ): A Metal-Organic Semiconductor for Room-Temperature Visible to Long-Wave Infrared Photodetection
    Balendhran, S ; Hussain, Z ; Shrestha, VR ; Cadusch, J ; Ye, M ; Azar, NS ; Kim, H ; Ramanathan, R ; Bullock, J ; Javey, A ; Bansal, V ; Crozier, KB (AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2021-08-18)
    Mid-wave and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) detection play vital roles in applications that include health care, remote sensing, and thermal imaging. However, detectors in this spectral range often require complex fabrication processes and/or cryogenic cooling and are typically expensive, which motivates the development of simple alternatives. Here, we demonstrate broadband (0.43-10 μm) room-temperature photodetection based on copper tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ), a metal-organic semiconductor, synthesized via a facile wet-chemical reaction. The CuTCNQ crystals are simply drop-cast onto interdigitated electrode chips to realize photoconductors. The photoresponse is governed by a combination of interband (0.43-3.35 μm) and midgap (3.35-10 μm) transitions. The devices show response times (∼365 μs) that would be sufficient for many infrared applications (e.g., video rate imaging), with a frequency cutoff point of 1 kHz.
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    Algorithmic Spectral Reconstruction Using Angularly Tuned Zero-Contrast Gratings
    Russell, B ; Meng, J ; Wen, D ; Cadusch, J ; Ye, M ; Crozier, K (IEEE, 2020)
    We experimentally demonstrate the algorithmic reconstruction of the infrared transmission spectrum of a polymer using a zero-contrast waveguide-grating metasurface as a filter. By changing the metasurface angle, a variety of filter functions are obtained.
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    Geometric Phase Metasurface Hologram for Optical Tractor Beam Generation
    Cadusch, J ; Wen, D ; Meng, J ; Crozier, KB (OSA & IEEE, 2020-01-01)
    We present a geometric phase silicon metasurface hologram design intended to produce a non-diffracting solenoid beam. Such optical beams have been shown to exert long range retrograde (i.e. toward source) optical forces on light-scattering particles.
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    Polarization State Generation and Detection by VCSELs with Integrated Metasurfaces
    Wen, D ; Meng, J ; Cadusch, J ; Crozier, KB (OSA & IEEE, 2020-01-01)
    We experimentally demonstrate vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) with integrated plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces. The metasurfaces shape the polarization of the laser emission from the VCSELs and also enable them to serve as polarization-dependent photodetectors.
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    Smartphone-based Optical Fiber Speckle Spectrometer
    Tan, H ; Cadusch, JJ ; Li, B ; Crozier, KB (IEEE, 2020)
    We demonstrate a spectrometer that uses a smaityhone to image the speckle pattern produced by a multimode optical fiber. A smarjihone-based algorithm uses the measured pattern and a calibration library to determine the input spectnrm.
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    Visible to Long-Wave Infrared Photodetectors based on Copper Tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ) Crystals
    Balendhran, S ; Hussain, Z ; Shrestha, VR ; Cadusch, J ; Ye, M ; Kim, H ; Ramanathan, R ; Bullock, J ; Javey, A ; Bansal, V ; Crozier, KB (OSA - Optical Society of America, 2020-08-01)
    We demonstrate room-temperature photodetectors at wavelengths from visible (450 nm, 532 nm) to near- (850 nm), short-wave (1550 nm), mid-wave (4.5 \mu m) and long-wave (8.35 \mu m) infrared. These are based on drop-cast Cu TCNQ crystals.
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    Material identification with a filter array-detector array infrared microspectrometer: Numerical study
    Meng, J ; Cadusch, JJ ; Crozier, KB (Optica Publishing Group, 2020-09-14)
    We design a plasmonic filter array for a filter array-detector array microspectrometer. We perform numerical experiments, including noise, that predict that this configuration would enable the identification of various materials via their infrared fingerprints.