School of Chemistry - Theses
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ItemEnergy efficiency and advantages of ultrasonic synthesis of nanomaterials( 2015)The physico-chemical effects of ultrasound (US) have been used widely for synthesising various materials. The focus of this project is to evaluate the energy efficiency and advantages of ultrasonic synthetic process. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)-CaCO3 nanocomposites were synthesised by conventional and US-assisted (USK) emulsion polymerization. Although the conversions obtained were similar for both processes, nanocomposites produced by USK were smaller with a narrower particle size distribution. In another study, the photocatalytic activity of CdS nanoparticles synthesized using US were compared with those synthesized using mechanical agitation on the basis of energy input. Samples synthesized using a US horn (USH) and a high shear homogeniser (HSH) showed a lower photocatalytic activity compared to those synthesized in an US bath (USB) and using mechanical stirring (NUS). However, when the power input per unit volume (W/L) is considered, the order of effectiveness of the catalysts is USB>NUS>HSH>USH, suggesting that the mild cavitation conditions generated in the USB process are sufficient to produce an efficient photocatalyst. Overall, US assistance provides improvement in conversions/yields and the dispersive effects help obtain smaller particle sizes and narrower size distributions. However, when the increased energy requirements are taken into account it is obvious that when combining US with conventional material synthesis techniques, it is imperative to choose not only the right amount of energy input but also, the right mode of US input in order to synthesize the most efficacious nanomaterials.