Graeme Clark Collection

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Author: Seligman, Peter × End date: 1989 × Start date: 1981 × Type: Journal Article × Subject: speech perception ×

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    A lip-reading assessment for profoundly deaf patients
    Martin, L. F. A. ; Clark, Graeme M. ; Seligman, P. M. ; Tong, Y. C. (Cambridge University Press, 1983)
    To understand spoken sentences, first the acoustic information is processed, and secondly linguistic knowledge is applied (Fry, 1961; Kalikow et al., 1977). The more the spoken message contains linguistic redundancies in the form of lexical, syntactical and semantic constraints, the less the listener needs to rely on processing the details of the acoustic signal. For normal listening conditions there is usually enough information available to make an unambiguous decision about the spoken message. However, when the acoustic signal is degraded, more reliance is placed on the context in which the message was spoken (Miller et al., 1951). For some hearing-impaired individuals the auditory signal is permanently degraded. In addition, if people are totally or profoundly deaf, speech is usually perceived via lip-reading alone. This is usually difficult because not all phonemes can be clearly distinguished visually. For example, some phonemes form homophenous groups, i.e. they look the same on the lips; such a group would be the bilabial plosives and nasal /p, b, m/. Since the information reaching the individual is incomplete, greater reliance must also be placed on linguistic skills and on the context in which the message is spoken.
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    Clinical trial of a multiple-channel cochlear prosthesis: an initial study in four patients with profound total hearing loss
    Bailey, Quentin R. ; Seligman, Peter M. ; Tong, Yit. C. ; Clark, Graeme M. ; Dowell, R. C. ; Brown, Alison M. ; Luscombe, Susan M. ; Pyman, Brian C. ; Webb, Robert L. ( 1983)
    The clinical trial of a multiple-channel cochlear prosthesis was undertaken in four patients with postlingual deafness and profound total hearing loss. The results of open-set speech tests confirmed that, using electrical stimulation alone, one patient could have a meaningful conversation with resorting to lipreading (for example, this patient uses the prosthesis to converse with her husband on the telephone). The results of closed-set speech tests also suggested that a multiple-channel stimulator is more effective than a single-channel one in conveying speech information. The cochlear prosthesis was especially effective in all four patients when it was used in conjunction with lipreading, and speech-tracking tests showed that the patients could combine the information obtained from both electrical stimulation and lipreading.
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    A multiple-channel cochlear implant and wearable speech-processor: an audiological evaluation
    Tong, Y. C. ; Clark, Graeme M. ; Dowell, R. C. ; Martin, L. F. ; Seligman, P. M. ; Patrick, J. F. ( 1981)
    Standard audiological tests were administered to a totally deft multiple-channel cochlear implant patient with a wearable speech-processor in a monitored sound field under the following conditions: a wearable unit activated alone (WA), lipreading with the wearable unit off (LA), and wearable unit activated in combination with lipreading (WL). Thresholds obtained for narrow-band noise signals indicated that the wearable unit allowed the patient to detect a variety of sounds at different frequencies. The results obtained in closed-set word tests and open-set word and sentence tests showed significant improvements in word and sentence scores from LA to WL. In the open-se (C.I.D) sentence tests, the patient scored 22% for LA and 76% for WL. The WL score of 76% correlates with a satisfactory performance in understanding connected speech. The patient also scored 30% correct in a test involving the recognition of environmental sounds.