Graeme Clark Collection
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ItemA multiple electrode cochlear implant(Cambridge University Press, 1977)It is generally agreed that if a cochlear implant hearing prosthesis is to enable a patient to understand speech, it must be a multiple-electrode system. In addition, stimulation of the auditory nervous system should approximate the patterns of neural excitation occurring in people with normal hearing, and this is especially important when a patient has previously experienced hearing. For this reason the correct application of electrophysiological principles to the design of a hearing prosthesis is desirable, and is discussed in this paper with special reference to a device developed in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Electrical Engineering at the University of Melbourne (UMDOLEE).
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ItemThe clinical assessment of cochlear implant patients(Cambridge University Press, 1977)This paper is a discussion of the clinical assessment routine adopted following experience gained over the last three years from evaluating 27 patients with severe sensori-neural deafness to determine whether they are suitable for the cochlear implantation of a multiple-electrode receiving and stimulating device developed jointly in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Electrical Engineering at the University of Melbourne.
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ItemA multiple-electrode array for a cochlear implant(Cambridge University Press, 1976)It is becoming increasingly evident from experimental work on animals and humans that if cochlear implants are going to help patients understand speech, they must be designed to stimulate a number of different groups of auditory nerve fibres.
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ItemHistopathological findings in cochlear implants in cats(Cambridge University Press, 1975)If cochlear implants are to be used on patients, it is important that experimental studies should be carried out on animals so that tissue tolerance and other long term effects of electrode implantations can be assessed. Consequently, an experimental study by Simmons (1967) is of interest, as it has shown that a stainless steel electrode inserted into the basal turn of the cochlea through the round window can be tolerated, and not lead to permanent damage unless infection supervenes. Furthermore, in a study by Axelsson and Hallen (1973) it has been demonstrated that drilling an opening in the cochlea will usually only lead to localized damage of the cochlear structures, and that the opening in the bone normally heals.
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ItemA cochlear implant electrode(Cambridge University Press, 1975)If patients with severe sensorineural deafness are going to perceive speech by electrical stimulation of the terminal auditory nerve fibres, it must be carried out on the basis of the place theory of pitch perception, as experimental studies have shown that electrical stimulation with single electrodes on the basis of the volley theory is not satisfactory (Clark, 1969; Kiang and Moxon, 1972; Simmons and Glattke, 1972). For this reason, it will be necessary to develop an array of electrodes that will enable a number of different auditory nerve fibres to be stimulated separately.
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ItemA surgical approach for a cochlear implant: an anatomical study(Cambridge University Press, 1975)There is now increased interest in the possibility of restoring brain and nerve function by applying recent developments in electronics and current knowledge of neurophysiology. This is evident from the research being undertaken to see whether a visual cortical implant can help blind patients, and whether electrical stimulation of the auditory pathways can help patients with severe loss of hearing.
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ItemExperimental research into cochlear implants( 1977)The areas of research to be discussed are studies of animal behaviour, cochlear models, multiple electrode arrays and experimental surgery.