Graeme Clark Collection

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1972 - 1978 4
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End date: 1979 × Start date: 1970 × Subject: electrical stimulation ×

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    A multiple-electrode cochlear implant
    Clark, Graeme M. ; Tong, Y. C. ; Bailey, Q. R. ; Black, R. C. ; Martin, L. F. ; Millar, J. B. ; O'Loughlin B. J. ; Patrick, J. F. ; Pyman, B. C. ( 1978)
    Interest in artificially stimulating the auditory nerve electrically for sensori-neural deafness was first sparked off by Volta in the 18th century. Count Volta, who was the first to develop the electric battery, connected up a number of his batteries to two metal rods which he inserted into his ears. Having placed the rods in his ears he pressed the switch and received "une secousse dans la tete" and perceived a noise like "the boiling of thick soup".
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    Response thresholds to frequency modulated sound and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in cats
    Clark, Graeme M. ; Kranz, Howard G. ; Minas, Harry ( 1973)
    A previous study (Clark et al., 1972) has shown the effects of rate, current and site of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and central auditory pathways on cats' behavioural thresholds. It was observed that the thresholds were lower for low rates of electrical stimulation of the basal or high frequency end rather than the apical or low frequency end of the cochlea.
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    Behavioral thresholds in the cat to frequency modulated sound and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve
    Clark, Graeme M. ; Kranz, Howard G. ; Minas, Harry ( 1973)
    This behavioral study has helped confirm that cats can perceive low rates of electrical stimulation of the basal or high frequency end of the cochlea. The upper limit on the rate of stimulation that could be perceived was 600-800 pulse/sec. It was also shown that the behavioral threshold for low rates of change of a frequency modulated electrical stimulus was similar to that of sound. In the case of an electrical stimulus it was 85 pulses/sec/sec. and in the case of sound it was 97 cycles/sec/sec.
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    A behavioral study on electrical stimulation of the cochlea and central auditory pathways of the cat
    Clark, Graeme M. ; Nathar, J. M. ; Kranz, Howard G. ; Maritz, Johannes S. ( 1972)
    This behavioral study on cats has shown stimulus generalization for acoustic to electrical stimulation of the cochlea at frequencies from 100 to 8,000 pulse/sec. Response thresholds were determined for electrical stimulation of the apical and basal turns of the cochlea. The results show a linear increase in response threshold with rate of electrical stimulation up to a frequency of 2,000 pulse/sec. The response threshold was also lower for electrical stimulation of the basal rather than the apical electrode. Difference limen measurements for electrical stimulation of the cochlea were similar to those obtained for acoustic stimuli at 100 and 200 Hz, but were greater at higher rates of stimulation. The difference limen was also lower for electrical stimulation of the apical rather than the basal electrode. The results of this study show that electrical stimulation of the cochlea may produce pitch sensation for rates of stimulation up to 200 pulse/sec. The results also emphasize the importance of the volley theory in the coding of low frequencies.