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ItemExploring the oral health curriculum in Australian pharmacy schools( 2019)Introduction Poor oral health continues to be prevalent in Australia despite ongoing advancements in oral health knowledge and care. Without innovative strategies to improve the oral health of the population, the quality of life for an increasing number of Australians will be negatively affected as poor oral health extends beyond the mouth and can affect general health and well-being. Beyond the dental clinic setting, pharmacists have been recognised in the literature to have an important role in oral health care. The potential to expand the role of pharmacists as oral health advisors has also been acknowledged. While previous studies explored the knowledge and opinions of pharmacists regarding oral health, no research has been completed to explore the extent of oral health content that is currently included in Australian pharmacy schools’ curricula or on the knowledge and opinions of the pharmacy students who are about to graduate as health professionals. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards the role of pharmacists in oral health among final year pharmacy students in Australia, and to investigate the extent of the oral health content in Australian pharmacy curricula. Methods A cross sectional study of pharmacy students across 8 Australian pharmacy courses was undertaken using an anonymous online survey. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with pharmacy course coordinators or convenors to discuss the oral health content in their course curricula. Survey results were analysed using SPSS software (SPSS 25.0, Chicago Il, USA) and the findings summarised using descriptive statistics. Phone interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Results A total of 45 pharmacy students across the nation completed the online survey. Almost half of the students (48.9%) reported that oral health was not included in their course. Many believed that pharmacists have an important role in oral healthcare, however only 38.9% perceived that pharmacists were appropriately trained to provide oral health education. Most students (91.7%) believed that professional relationships between pharmacists and dental practitioners could be improved, and that pharmacists had the potential to be more involved with preventing oral health issues (86.1%). Three main themes emerged from the course convenor interview study: (1) That pharmacists have a role in oral healthcare, (2) That oral health is being taught in pharmacy courses, however each did so in a varied manner, (3) Lack of space in course curricula is the key barrier for further inclusion of oral health care content in pharmacy courses. Conclusion Overall, the findings of this study provide evidence that the oral health content in pharmacy curricula in Australia is inconsistent, with students indicating that they wanted more education on oral health topics. Both students and course convenors recognised that pharmacists have an important role in oral healthcare. Therefore, pharmacy courses in Australia should consider expanding the coverage of oral health content to provide graduates with the confidence and skills they need to improve the oral health of the community.
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ItemMulticultural and diversity education in the globalised classroom in Australia( 2012)Australia is no longer an “isolated backwater” island floating around the Asia-Pacific region. It has become a country of great importance as a multicultural hub that continues to flourish in a time of social, cultural, and population growth. With this changing environment the needs of its people, in particular its children, have also changed. As multicultural awareness begins to expand and borders cease to define the cultural differences of those around us, the needs of the learners in school are also in a state of flux. This paper tracks the evolution of multicultural and diversity education policies in Australia through seven key documents: these are The National Policy on Languages (Lo Bianco, 1987), the Asian Studies Council Report – Asian Studies Council (1988), National Agenda for Multicultural Australia (Commonwealth of Australia, 1989), Adelaide Declaration (1999), Melbourne Declaration (2008), Blueprint for Education and Early Childhood Development (2008) and Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship: A Strategy for Victorian Government Schools 2009-2013 (DEECD, 2009). It concludes with implications and impacts of this history and these documents and addresses the need for continued teacher preparation and instruction through recommendation new initiatives.
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ItemRethinking indigenous educational disadvantage: a critical analysis of race and whiteness in Australian education policy( 2011)This thesis examines Indigenous school education in Australia, through analysing themes of difference, race and whiteness in contemporary education policy. The study asks why educational inequality and disadvantage continue to be experienced by Indigenous school students, despite concerted policy attention towards redressing these issues. It seeks to better understand how Indigenous education is represented in policy and scholarly debates and what implications this has for Indigenous educational achievement. I argue that in order to succeed Indigenous school students are often expected to assimilate into an education system that judges success according to values and expectations influenced by an invisible ‘whiteness’. The investigation of these issues is framed by insights and approaches drawn from three theoretical frameworks. Michel Foucault’s concepts of ‘discourse’, ‘disciplinary power’, ‘regimes of truth’ and ‘normalisation’, and Iris Marion Young’s work with issues of difference, ‘cultural imperialism’, oppression and justice are brought into critical dialogue with critical race theory (CRT). In particular, CRT is engaged as an attempt to bring some new perspectives to understandings of race and difference in Australian education policy. This combination of theories informs an examination of policy (and policy related texts) guided by Foucauldian discourse analysis and critical policy research methods. Through my analysis I develop a number of arguments. First, that the combined theoretical approach I engage is useful for uncovering some of the silences and assumptions that have typically influenced attempts to achieve educational justice for Indigenous Australians. Second, in the documents I analyse, the ways in which Indigenous students are described commonly positions them as deficient and suggests that these deficiencies are to be remedied through exhibiting more of the behaviours and attitudes of non-Indigenous students. Third, that the commitment to ‘inclusion’ within the policies analysed is important, but typically maintains a relationship in which a powerful and central white ‘norm’ remains invisible and dictates how and when the ‘Other’ is included. Fourth, that in seeking to understand equity issues for Indigenous students it is important to look also at the broader education system and its dominant values and goals. Through analysis of policies related to education for ‘all students’, I suggest that educational success is commonly identified and assessed according to ‘white’ norms, within schools that are expected to improve and be accountable within a neo-liberal agenda, which is largely supportive of standardisation and sameness, and not readily accommodating of ‘difference’. Overall, this study has attempted to bring some important conceptual approaches to analysis of current education policy in Australia in order to build greater understanding of Indigenous educational disadvantage. It has sought to open possibilities for addressing issues of race and justice that are characterised by listening, support of difference and responsibility, and commitment to disruption and discomfort.