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    The Reinvention of Moral Ecologies in Indonesia
    Reuter, T ; Duile, T ; Grossmann, K ; Haug, M ; Sprenger, G (Routledge, 2023)
    The desolate state of global ecosystems now calls for food systems that are sustainable and regenerative. Proponents of a still hegemonic modernist ecology demand ever more ruthless production maximization instead. The battle for hegemony between the two different ecologies is heating up. In practice, however, compromises are inevitable and bound to produce plural ecologies at the local level, and what happens locally is vital because local food systems largely determine whether the overall ecology of a nation will be sustainable or not. Using the island of Java in Indonesia as a case study, this paper explores an emerging movement for more ‘moral’ ecologies that nevertheless also retain elements of modernist scientific ecologies based on rational control of nature. A regenerative agriculture movement has grown in Java that advocates for food systems and wider ecologies to become more sustainable and equitable. While evoking traditional ecologies and associated values, this movement embraces environmental science and innovation. Overall, their post-modern “plural ecologies” strive for high productivity, secure livelihoods, food security for all, and balanced coexistence with nature.
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    Arbitrary Detention in Indonesia: Buru Prison Island, 1969-1979
    Setiawan, KMP (BRILL, 2022-01-01)
    Between 1969 and 1979 Indonesia'.s New Order regime consigned some 12,000 leftist political prisoners to a penal settlement on the island of Buru in eastern Indonesia. The prisoners were sent there without trial as part of a mass detention campaign undertaken by the state security organisation, Kopkamtib. Once on the island, they were expected to create a new, viable settlement by clearing jungle and planting crops. The authorities had no intention of releasing the prisoners, but rather expected then to settle on the island for good. In order to enhance the '.normalcy'. of the settlement, the authorities persuaded and coerced the families of some prisoners to move to Buru. Although conditions were better in Savanajaya, the settlement allocated to families, than in other parts of the penal colony, the family members of detainees were subject to many of the same rules of detention. Prisoners and their families suffered both from difficult conditions on Buru and from harsh ill-treatment by camp guards. Under international pressure, the New Order regime dismantled the settlement in 1979, and most of the detainees returned to Java.
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    Learning in the Language of Cinema: A Case Study of the Impact of Humanities Subjects on Chinese International Student’s Critical Thinking Ability
    Zhou, Y ; Zhou, S ; Liu, G ; Zhou, S ; Xu, H (Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2020)
    Chinese students make up the largest portion of international students in Australia, yet we know relatively little about their study experience in the humanities and the impact of Australian humanities subjects on their critical thinking ability. Through a qualitative analysis of the academic performance of two cohorts of Chinese international students enrolled in two film studies subjects, this study has revealed that Chinese international students benefit considerably from an Australian-style training, as evident in their improved analytical skills and critical thinking ability. However, English proficiency remains a major challenge for them in obtaining higher scores, which they could have otherwise achieved in a native language educational environment. This study has also discovered that Chinese international students are generally adept at using multi-media tools to present and communicate ideas. Distanced from their home country, Chinese international students are more motivated to study if they feel a cultural or emotional connection with the course content. Communicating in a language that students can resonate with, be it more visual or culturally sensitive, will help both students and educators achieve better outcomes.
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    Bold Strategy or Irrational Exuberance: Can China's Fiscal Foundation Support the Belt and Road Initiative?
    Wong, C ; Fingar, T ; Oi, J (Stanford University Press, 2020)
    This chapter examines the economic rationale and finances of the Belt and Road Initiative, a signature program in Xi Jinping's assertive foreign policy that aims to build multidimensional networks linking more than sixty countries and costing trillions of dollars. The BRI was conceived during the decade-long fiscal expansion that began at the turn of the century, and the question is whether it remains affordable under slower growth. At this stage in its development, China must manage the program prudently to avoid saddling banks with bad loans from failed projects. As ever, the decentralized system remains the Achilles' heel, reflected in the gap between official statements of expenditure and figures compiled from bank lending and program announcements. Recent fiscal reforms have strengthened the government's ability to rein in local governments but provide little protection against risks from an overly ambitious foreign policy agenda.
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    Managing across levels of government: The challenge of pension reform in China
    Wong, C ; Yuan, R ; Kim, J ; Dougherty, S (OECD, 2020)
    The People’s Republic of China is facing a “population ageing tsunami”, with the share of the population aged over 65 expected to double between 2010 and 2030. Reforming the social security system to improve coverage, sustainability and equity is an urgent task for the government. This chapter examines the workings of the Urban Employee Scheme (UES), the main pension programme currently covering more than 400 million workers and retirees. Although nominally a national programme, the UES is a patchwork of pension pools, managed mostly at the city and county levels. Under fragmented management and weak oversight, the system is rife with underpayment and evasion and has stymied previous efforts by the central government to promote consolidation. This may finally change under top-down reforms implemented since 2013 that have strengthened governance and enforcement capacity. Improving equity and the long-term sustainability of the UES will also require extending coverage to younger migrant workers and strengthening their incentives for participation.
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    Reforming Public Finance for the New Era
    Wong, C ; Pieke, F ; Hofman, B (NUS Press, 2022)
    Fiscal reform was high on the agenda at the outset of Xi Jinping’s administration, when a plan for comprehensive reform of the fiscal system was introduced in 2013 that promised a significant realignment of the central-local relationship as the end goal, to be completed by 2020. Reforms to date have focused on building institutions of financial control but without any significant realignment of revenues or expenditures (Wong 2021). Although intergovernmental reform is said to be continuing and now extends to the subnational levels, this re-iterates past reforms that have to date shown little effect. To restore the vitality of local finance will require a wholesale reform of the intergovernmental system.
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    Historical linguistics of the languages of Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Moken Moklen
    Adelaar, A ; Adelaar, A ; Schapper, A (Oxford University Press, 2023)
    Critical analysis of recent literature on the classification of the (non-Malay) languages of Sumatra, Java, Bali-Lombok-Sumbawa and Moken Moklen.
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    Introduction
    Adelaar, A ; Schapper, A ; Adelaar, A ; Schapper, A (Oxford University Press, 2023)
    Introduction outlining the content and structure of the book
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    Language contact in Africa
    Adelaar, A ; Adelaar, A ; Schapper, A (Oxford University Press, 2023)
    Historical overview of the contacts between Austronesian languages (Malay, Malagasy) and Bantu languages (Swahili, Comorian languages) in Eastern Africa.
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    Malayic languages
    McDonnell, B ; Wu, J ; Mckinnon, T ; Adelaar, A ; Adelaar, A ; Schapper, A (Oxford University Press, 2023)
    A typological overview of Malayic languages and dialects detailing their phonology, morphology and syntax.