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    Emergence of new norovirus variants on spring cruise ships and prediction of winter epidemics
    Verhoef, L ; Depoorterej, E ; Boxman, I ; Duizer, E ; van Duynhoven, Y ; Harris, J ; Johnsen, C ; Kroneman, A ; Le Guyader, S ; Lim, W ; Maunula, L ; Meldal, H ; Ratcliff, R ; Reuter, G ; Schreier, E ; Siebenga, J ; Vainio, K ; Varela, C ; Vennema, H ; Koopmans, M (CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, 2008-02)
    In June 2006, reported outbreaks of norovirus on cruise ships suddenly increased; 43 outbreaks occurred on 13 vessels. All outbreaks investigated manifested person-to-person transmission. Detection of a point source was impossible because of limited investigation of initial outbreaks and data sharing. The most probable explanation for these outbreaks is increased norovirus activity in the community, which coincided with the emergence of 2 new GGII.4 variant strains in Europe and the Pacific. As in 2002, a new GGII.4 variant detected in the spring and summer corresponded with high norovirus activity in the subsequent winter. Because outbreaks on cruise ships are likely to occur when new variants circulate, an active reporting system could function as an early warning system. Internationally accepted guidelines are needed for reporting, investigating, and controlling norovirus illness on cruise ships in Europe.
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    Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GGII.4, the Netherlands, 1994-2005
    Siebenga, JJ ; Vennema, H ; Duizer, E ; Koopmans, MPG (CENTER DISEASE CONTROL, 2007-01)
    From 1994 through 2005, gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus generally increased in the Netherlands, with 3 epidemic seasons associated with new GGII.4 strains. Increased percentages of GGII.4 strains during these epidemics, followed by a sharp decrease in their absolute and relative numbers, suggest development of immunity.
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    Single atom-scale diamond defect allows a large Aharonov-Casher phase
    Maclaurin, D ; Greentree, AD ; Cole, JH ; Hollenberg, LCL ; Martin, AM (AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2009-10)