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    Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Abbafati, C ; Abbas, KM ; Abbasi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abdollahi, M ; Abdollahpour, I ; Abedi, A ; Abedi, P ; Abegaz, KH ; Abolhassani, H ; Abosetugn, AE ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, EM ; Abreu, LG ; Abrigo, MRM ; Abu Haimed, AK ; Abualhasan, A ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Abu-Raddad, LJ ; Abushouk, AI ; Acebedo, A ; Ackerman, IN ; Adabi, M ; Adair, T ; Adamu, AA ; Adebayo, OM ; Adedeji, IA ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adelson, JD ; Adeoye, AM ; Adetokunboh, OO ; Adham, D ; Advani, SM ; Afarideh, M ; Afshari, M ; Afshin, A ; Agardh, EE ; Agarwal, G ; Agasthi, P ; Agesa, KM ; Aghaali, M ; Aghamir, SMK ; Agrawal, A ; Ahmad, T ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmadi, M ; Ahmadieh, H ; Ahmadpour, E ; Ahmed, MB ; Aji, B ; Akalu, TY ; Akinyemi, RO ; Akinyemiju, T ; Akombi, B ; Akunna, CJ ; Alahdab, F ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, K ; Alam, N ; Alam, S ; Alam, T ; Alanezi, FM ; Alanzi, TM ; Albertson, SB ; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE ; Alema, NM ; Alemu, BW ; Alemu, YM ; Alhabib, KF ; Alhassan, RK ; Ali, M ; Ali, S ; Alicandro, G ; Alijanzadeh, M ; Alinia, C ; Alipour, V ; Alizade, H ; Aljunid, SM ; Alla, F ; Allebeck, P ; Almadi, MAH ; Almasi, A ; Almasi-Hashiani, A ; Almasri, NA ; Al-Mekhlafi, HM ; Almulhim, AM ; Alonso, J ; Al-Raddadi, RM ; Altirkawi, KA ; Alumran, AK ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ ; Amare, AT ; Amare, B ; Amini, S ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Aminorroaya, A ; Amiri, F ; Amit, AML ; Amugsi, DA ; Amul, GGH ; Anbesu, EW ; Ancuceanu, R ; Anderlini, D ; Anderson, JA ; Andrei, CL ; Andrei, T ; Androudi, S ; Angus, C ; Anjomshoa, M ; Ansari, F ; Ansari, I ; Ansari-Moghaddam, A ; Antonazzo, IC ; Antonio, CAT ; Antony, CM ; Antriyandarti, E ; Anvari, D ; Anwer, R ; Appiah, SCY ; Arabloo, J ; Arab-Zozani, M ; Aravkin, AY ; Arba, AAK ; Aremu, O ; Ariani, F ; Aripov, T ; Armoon, B ; Arnlov, J ; Arowosegbe, OO ; Aryal, KK ; Arzani, A ; Asaad, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Asadi-Pooya, AA ; Asgari, S ; Asghari, B ; Jafarabadi, MA ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Atafar, Z ; Athari, SS ; Atnafu, DD ; Atout, MMW ; Atre, SR ; Atteraya, MS ; Ausloos, F ; Ausloos, M ; Avila-Burgos, L ; Avokpaho, EFGA ; Quintanilla, BPA ; Ayano, G ; Ayanore, MA ; Aynalem, GL ; Aynalem, YA ; Ayza, MA ; Azari, S ; Azarian, G ; Azene, ZN ; Azhar, G ; Azzopardi, PS ; Darshan, BB ; Babaee, E ; Badawi, A ; Badiye, AD ; Bagherzadeh, M ; Bagli, E ; Bahrami, MA ; Baig, AA ; Bairwa, M ; Bakhshaei, MH ; Bakhtiari, A ; Bakkannavar, SM ; Balachandran, A ; Balakrishnan, S ; Balalla, S ; Balassyano, S ; Baldasseroni, A ; Ball, K ; Ballew, SH ; Balzi, D ; Banach, M ; Banerjee, SK ; Banik, PC ; Bannick, MS ; Bante, AB ; Bante, SA ; Baraki, AG ; Barboza, MA ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Barnighausen, TW ; Barrero, LH ; Barthelemy, CM ; Barua, L ; Barzegar, A ; Basaleem, H ; Bassat, Q ; Basu, S ; Baune, BT ; Bayati, M ; Baye, BA ; Bazmandegan, G ; Becker, JS ; Bedi, N ; Beghi, E ; Behzadifar, M ; Bejot, Y ; Bekuma, TTT ; Bell, ML ; Bello, AK ; Bender, RG ; Bennett, DA ; Bennitt, FB ; Bensenor, IM ; Benziger, CP ; Berhe, K ; Berman, AE ; Bernabe, E ; Bernstein, RS ; Bertolacci, GJ ; Bhagavathula, AS ; Bhageerathy, R ; Bhala, N ; Bhandari, D ; Bhardwaj, P ; Bhat, AG ; Bhattacharyya, K ; Bhattarai, S ; Bhutta, ZA ; Bibi, S ; Biehl, MH ; Bijani, A ; Bikbov, B ; Bilano, V ; Bin Sayeed, MS ; Biondi, A ; Birihane, BM ; Bisanzio, D ; Bisignano, C ; Biswas, RK ; Bitew, H ; Bjorge, T ; Bockarie, MJ ; Bohlouli, S ; Bohluli, M ; Bojia, HA ; Bolla, SR ; Boloor, A ; Boon-Dooley, AS ; Borges, G ; Borzi, AM ; Borzouei, S ; Bose, D ; Bosetti, C ; Boufous, S ; Bourne, R ; Brady, OJ ; Braithwaite, D ; Brauer, M ; Brayne, C ; Breitborde, NJK ; Breitner, S ; Brenner, H ; Breusov, AV ; Briant, PS ; Briggs, AM ; Briko, AN ; Briko, NI ; Britton, GB ; Brugha, T ; Bryazka, D ; Buchbinder, R ; Bumgarner, BR ; Burkart, K ; Burnett, RT ; Nagaraja, SB ; Busse, R ; Butt, ZA ; Caetano dos Santos, FL ; Cahill, LE ; Cahuana-Hurtado, L ; Cai, T ; Callender, CSKH ; Camera, LA ; Campos-Nonato, IR ; Rincon, JCC ; Cao, J ; Car, J ; Cardenas, R ; Carreras, G ; Carrero, JJ ; Carvalho, F ; Castaldelli-Maia, JM ; Castaneda-Orjuela, CA ; Castelpietra, G ; Castle, CD ; Castro, E ; Castro, F ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Causey, K ; Cederroth, CR ; Cercy, KM ; Cerin, E ; Chalek, J ; Chandan, JS ; Chang, AR ; Chang, AY ; Chang, J-C ; Chang, K-L ; Charan, J ; Charlson, FJ ; Chattu, VK ; Chaturvedi, S ; Cherbuin, N ; Chimed-Ochir, O ; Chin, KL ; Chirinos-Caceres, JL ; Cho, DY ; Choi, J-YJ ; Christensen, H ; Chu, D-T ; Chung, MT ; Chung, S-C ; Cicuttini, FM ; Ciobanu, LG ; Cirillo, M ; Cislaghi, B ; Classen, TKD ; Cohen, AJ ; Collins, EL ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Conti, S ; Cooper, OR ; Corso, B ; Cortesi, PA ; Costa, VM ; Cousin, E ; Cowden, RG ; Cowie, BC ; Cromwell, EA ; Croneberger, AJ ; Cross, DH ; Cross, M ; Crowe, CS ; Cruz, JA ; Cummins, S ; Cunningham, M ; Dahlawi, SMA ; Dai, H ; Dai, H ; Damasceno, AAM ; Damiani, G ; D'Amico, E ; Dandona, L ; Dandona, R ; Daneshpajouhnejad, P ; Dangel, WJ ; Danielsson, A-K ; Gela, JD ; Dargan, PI ; Darwesh, AM ; Daryani, A ; Das, JK ; Das Gupta, R ; Das Neves, J ; Dash, AP ; Davey, G ; Davila-Cervantes, CA ; Davis, AC ; Davitoiu, DV ; Davletov, K ; De Leo, D ; De Neve, J-W ; Dean, FE ; DeCleene, NK ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; DeLang, M ; Dellavalle, RP ; Demeke, FM ; Demoz, GT ; Demsie, DG ; Denova-Gutierrez, E ; Dereje, ND ; Deribe, K ; Dervenis, N ; Desai, R ; Desalew, A ; Dessie, GA ; Deuba, K ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Dhungana, GP ; Dianatinasab, M ; da Silva, DD ; Diaz, D ; Forooshani, ZSD ; Dichgans, M ; Didarloo, A ; Dingels, ZV ; Dippenaar, IN ; Dirac, MA ; Djalalinia, S ; Do, HT ; Dokova, K ; Doku, DT ; Dolecek, C ; Dolgert, AJ ; Dorostkar, F ; Doshi, CP ; Doshi, PP ; Doshmangir, L ; Douiri, A ; Doxey, MC ; Doyle, KE ; Driscoll, TR ; Dubljanin, E ; Dunachie, SJ ; Duncan, BB ; Duraes, AR ; Eagan, AW ; Ebrahimi, H ; Kalan, ME ; Edvardsson, D ; Effiong, A ; Ehrlich, JR ; El Nahas, N ; El Sayed, I ; Zaki, MES ; El Tantawi, M ; Elbarazi, I ; Elgendy, IY ; Elhabashy, HR ; El-Jaafary, SI ; Elsharkawy, A ; Elyazar, IRF ; Emamian, MH ; Emmons-Bell, S ; Erskine, HE ; Eshrati, B ; Eskandari, K ; Eskandarieh, S ; Esmaeilnejad, S ; Esmaeilzadeh, F ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Estep, K ; Etemadi, A ; Etisso, AE ; Ezekannagha, O ; Fanzo, J ; Farag, T ; Farahmand, M ; Faraj, A ; Faraon, EJA ; Fareed, M ; Faridnia, R ; Farinha, CSES ; Farioli, A ; Faris, PS ; Faro, A ; Faruque, M ; Farzadfar, F ; Fattahi, N ; Fazaeli, AA ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Feigin, VL ; Feldman, R ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrara, P ; Ferrari, AJ ; Ferreira, ML ; Feyissa, GT ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Fisher, JL ; Fitzgerald, R ; Flohr, C ; Flor, LS ; Foigt, NA ; Folayan, MO ; Fomenkov, AA ; Force, LM ; Fornari, C ; Foroutan, M ; Fox, JT ; Francis, JM ; Frank, TD ; Franklin, RC ; Freitas, M ; Fu, W ; Fukumoto, T ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, JE ; Fullman, N ; Furtado, JM ; Gad, MM ; Gaidhane, AM ; Gakidou, E ; Galles, NC ; Gallus, S ; Gamkrelidze, A ; Garcia-Basteiro, AL ; Gardner, WM ; Geberemariyam, BS ; Gebrehiwot, AM ; Gebremedhin, KB ; Gebremeskel, GG ; Gebremeskel, LG ; Gebresillassie, BM ; Gebreslassie, AAAA ; Geramo, YCD ; Geremew, A ; Hayoon, AG ; Gesesew, HA ; Gething, PW ; Gezae, KE ; Ghadimi, M ; Ghadiri, K ; Ghaffarifar, F ; Ghafourifard, M ; Ghajar, A ; Ghamari, F ; Ghashghaee, A ; Ghiasvand, H ; Ghith, N ; Gholamian, A ; Ghosh, R ; Giampaoli, S ; Gilani, SA ; Gill, PS ; Gill, TK ; Gillum, RF ; Ginawi, IA ; Ginindza, TG ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Giussani, G ; Glagn, M ; Glushkova, EV ; Gnedovskaya, EV ; Godinho, MA ; Goharinezhad, S ; Golechha, M ; Goli, S ; Gomez, RS ; Gona, PN ; Gopalani, SV ; Goren, E ; Gorini, G ; Gorman, TM ; Gottlich, HC ; Goudarzi, H ; Goudarzian, AH ; Goulart, AC ; Goulart, BNG ; Grada, A ; Greaves, F ; Grivna, M ; Grosso, G ; Gubari, MIM ; Gudi, N ; Gugnani, HC ; Guimaraes, ALS ; Guimaraes, RA ; Guled, RA ; Gultie, T ; Guo, G ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, R ; Sharan, S ; Gupta, T ; Haagsma, JA ; Hachinski, V ; Haddock, B ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Hafiz, A ; Hagins, H ; Haile, LM ; Haile, TG ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hall, BJ ; Halvaei, I ; Hamadeh, RR ; Abdullah, KH ; Hameed, S ; Hamidi, S ; Hamilton, EB ; Hammer, MS ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Handiso, DW ; Hanif, A ; Hankey, GJ ; Haririan, H ; Haro, JM ; Harvey, JD ; Hasaballah, AI ; Hasan, MM ; Hasanpoor, E ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Hashemian, M ; Hashi, A ; Hassan, A ; Hassan, S ; Hassanipour, S ; Hassankhani, H ; Havmoeller, RJ ; Hay, RJ ; Hay, SI ; Hayat, K ; Heibati, B ; Heidari, B ; Heidari, G ; Heidari-Soureshjani, R ; Hendrie, D ; Henny, K ; Henok, A ; Henrikson, HJ ; Henry, NJ ; Herbert, ME ; Herteliu, C ; Heydarpour, F ; Hird, TR ; Ho, HC ; Hoek, HW ; Hole, MK ; Holla, R ; Hollingsworth, B ; Hoogar, P ; Hopf, KP ; Horita, N ; Hosgood, HD ; Hossain, N ; Hosseini, M ; Hosseinzadeh, M ; Hostiuc, M ; Hostiuc, S ; Househ, M ; Hoy, DG ; Hsairi, M ; Hsiao, T ; Hsieh, VC-R ; Hu, G ; Hu, K ; Huda, TM ; Hugo, FN ; Humayun, A ; Hussain, R ; Huynh, CK ; Hwang, B-F ; Iannucci, VC ; Iavicoli, I ; Ibeneme, CU ; Ibitoye, SE ; Ikeda, N ; Ikuta, KS ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Ilic, IM ; Ilic, MD ; Imani-Nasab, MH ; Inbaraj, LR ; Ippolito, H ; Iqbal, U ; Irvani, SSN ; Irvine, CMS ; Islam, MM ; Islam, M ; Islam, SMS ; Islami, F ; Iso, H ; Ivers, RQ ; Iwu, CCD ; Iwu, CJ ; Iyamu, IO ; Jaafari, J ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jadidi-Niaragh, F ; Jafari, H ; Jafarinia, M ; Jahagirdar, D ; Jahani, MA ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jalali, A ; Jalilian, F ; James, SL ; Janjani, H ; Janodia, MD ; Javaheri, T ; Javidnia, J ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jeemon, P ; Jenabi, E ; Jha, RP ; Jha, V ; Ji, JS ; Jia, P ; Johansson, L ; John, O ; John-Akinola, YO ; Johnson, CO ; Johnson, SC ; Jonas, JB ; Joo, T ; Joshi, A ; Joukar, F ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Jurisson, M ; Kabir, A ; Kabir, Z ; Kalani, H ; Kalani, R ; Kalankesh, LR ; Kalhor, R ; Kamath, AM ; Kamiab, Z ; Kanchan, T ; Kapoor, N ; Matin, BK ; Karanikolos, M ; Karch, A ; Karim, MA ; Karimi, SE ; Karimi, SA ; Karimi, SM ; Kasa, AS ; Kassa, GM ; Kassebaum, NJ ; Katikireddi, SV ; Kawakami, N ; Kayode, GA ; Karyani, AK ; Keddie, SH ; Keiyoro, PN ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, PJ ; Kereselidze, M ; Khader, YS ; Khafaie, MA ; Khalid, N ; Khammarnia, M ; Khan, EA ; Khan, G ; Khan, M ; Khang, Y-H ; Khatab, K ; Khater, AM ; Khater, MM ; Khatib, MN ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Khazaei, S ; Khazaie, H ; Khodayari, MT ; Khoja, AT ; Khubchandani, J ; Khundkar, R ; Kianipour, N ; Kieling, C ; Kim, C-I ; Kim, D ; Kim, Y-E ; Kim, YJ ; Kimokoti, RW ; Kinfu, Y ; Kisa, A ; Kisa, S ; Kissimova-Skarbek, K ; Kissoon, N ; Kivimaki, M ; Kneib, CJ ; Knibbs, LD ; Knight, M ; Knudsen, AKS ; Kocarnik, JM ; Kochhar, S ; Koh, DSQ ; Kohler, S ; Kolola, T ; Komaki, H ; Kopec, JA ; Korotkova, AV ; Korshunov, VA ; Kosen, S ; Kotlo, A ; Koul, PA ; Koyanagi, A ; Kraemer, MUG ; Kravchenko, MA ; Krishan, K ; Krohn, KJ ; Kromhout, H ; Shaji, KS ; Defo, BK ; Bicer, BK ; Kugbey, N ; Kulkarni, V ; Kumar, GA ; Kumar, M ; Kumar, N ; Kumar, P ; Kumar, V ; Kumaresh, G ; Kurmi, OP ; Kusuma, D ; Kyu, HH ; La Vecchia, C ; Ben, L ; Lal, DK ; Lalloo, R ; Lallukka, T ; Lam, JO ; Lami, FH ; Lan, Q ; Landires, I ; Lang, JJ ; Langan, SM ; Lansingh, VC ; Lansky, S ; Larson, HJ ; Larson, SL ; Larsson, AO ; Lasrado, S ; Lassi, ZS ; Lau, KM-M ; Lauriola, P ; Lavados, PM ; Lazarus, JV ; Leal, LF ; Leasher, JL ; Ledesma, JR ; Lee, PH ; Lee, SWH ; Leever, AT ; LeGrand, KE ; Leigh, J ; Leonardi, M ; Lescinsky, H ; Leung, J ; Levi, M ; Lewington, S ; Li, B ; Li, S ; Lim, L-L ; Lin, C ; Lin, R-T ; Linehan, C ; Linn, S ; Listl, S ; Liu, H-C ; Liu, S ; Liu, S ; Liu, X ; Liu, Y ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lodha, R ; Logroscino, G ; Looker, KJ ; Lopez, AD ; Lopez, JCF ; Lopukhov, PD ; Lorkowski, S ; Lotufo, PA ; Lozano, R ; Lu, A ; Lucas, TCD ; Lugo, A ; Lunevicius, R ; Lyons, RA ; Ma, J ; Machado, DB ; MacLachlan, JH ; Madadin, M ; Maddison, ER ; Maddison, R ; Madotto, F ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Mahasha, PW ; Mahdavi, MM ; Mahmoudi, M ; Mai, HT ; Majeed, A ; Malagon-Rojas, JN ; Maled, V ; Maleki, A ; Maleki, S ; Malekzadeh, R ; Malta, DC ; Mamun, AA ; Manafi, A ; Manafi, N ; Manda, AL ; Manguerra, H ; Mansour-Ghanaei, F ; Mansouri, B ; Mansournia, MA ; Herrera, AMM ; Mapoma, CC ; Maravilla, JC ; Marks, A ; Martin, RV ; Martini, S ; Martins-Melo, FR ; Martopullo, I ; Masaka, A ; Masoumi, SZ ; Massano, J ; Massenburg, BB ; Mastrogiacomo, CI ; Mathur, MR ; Matsushita, K ; Maulik, PK ; May, EA ; Mazidi, M ; McAlinden, C ; McGrath, JJ ; Mckee, M ; Medina-Solis, CE ; Meharie, BG ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Nasab, EM ; Mehri, F ; Mehrotra, R ; Mehta, KM ; Meitei, WB ; Mekonnen, T ; Melese, A ; Memiah, PTN ; Memish, ZA ; Mendoza, W ; Menezes, RG ; Mengesha, EW ; Mengesha, MB ; Mensah, GA ; Mereke, A ; Mereta, ST ; Meretoja, A ; Meretoja, TJ ; Mestrovic, T ; Miazgowski, B ; Miazgowski, T ; Michalek, IM ; Mihretie, KM ; Miller, TR ; Mills, EJ ; Milne, GJ ; Mini, GK ; Miri, M ; Mirica, A ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Mirzaei, H ; Mirzaei, M ; Mirzaei, R ; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M ; Misganaw, AT ; Mitchell, PB ; Mithra, P ; Moazen, B ; Moghadaszadeh, M ; Mohajer, B ; Mohamad, O ; Mohamadi, E ; Mohammad, DK ; Mohammad, Y ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadbeigi, A ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A ; Mohammadifard, N ; Mohammadpourhodki, R ; Mohammed, AS ; Mohammed, H ; Mohammed, JA ; Mohammed, S ; Mohebi, F ; Bandpei, MAM ; Mokari, A ; Mokdad, AH ; Molokhia, M ; Momen, NC ; Monasta, L ; Mondello, S ; Mooney, MD ; Moosazadeh, M ; Moradi, G ; Moradi, M ; Moradi-Joo, M ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Moradzadeh, R ; Moraga, P ; Morales, L ; Morawska, L ; Velasquez, IM ; Morgado-da-Costa, J ; Morrison, SD ; Mosapour, A ; Mosser, JF ; Mouodi, S ; Mousavi, SM ; Khaneghah, AM ; Mueller, UO ; Mukhopadhyay, S ; Mullany, EC ; Mumford, JE ; Munro, SB ; Muriithi, MK ; Musa, KI ; Mustafa, G ; Muthupandian, S ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Nabhan, AF ; Naderi, M ; Nagarajan, AJ ; Nagel, G ; Naghavi, M ; Naghshtabrizi, B ; Naik, G ; Naimzada, MD ; Nair, S ; Najafi, F ; Naldi, L ; Nandakumar, V ; Nandi, AK ; Nangia, V ; Nansseu, JR ; Naserbakht, M ; Nayak, VC ; Nazari, J ; Ndejjo, R ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Negoi, RI ; Netsere, HB ; Neupane, S ; Ngari, KN ; Nguefack-Tsague, G ; Ngunjiri, JW ; Nguyen, CT ; Nguyen, DN ; Nguyen, HLT ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nguyen, M ; Nguyen, TH ; Nichols, E ; Nigatu, D ; Nigatu, YT ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Nikpoor, AR ; Nixon, MR ; Nnaji, CA ; Nomura, S ; Norheim, OF ; Norrving, B ; Noubiap, JJ ; Motlagh, SN ; Nowak, C ; Nsoesie, EO ; Nunez-Samudio, V ; Oancea, B ; Odell, CM ; Ogbo, FA ; Oghenetega, OB ; Oh, I-H ; Okunga, EW ; Oladnabi, M ; Olagunju, AT ; Olusanya, BO ; Olusanya, JO ; Oluwasanu, MM ; Bali, AO ; Omer, MO ; Ong, KL ; Ong, S ; Onwujekwe, OE ; Oren, E ; Orji, AU ; Orpana, HM ; Ortega-Altamirano, DV ; Ortiz, A ; Osarenotor, O ; Osei, FB ; Ostojic, SM ; Ostroff, SM ; Oiu, AO ; Otstavnov, N ; Otstavnov, SS ; Overland, S ; Owolabi, MO ; Section, MPA ; Padubidri, JR ; Pakhale, S ; Pakhare, AP ; Pakshir, K ; Palladino, R ; Pana, A ; Panda-Jonas, S ; Pandey, A ; Pangaribuan, HU ; Park, E-K ; Park, J ; Parmar, PGK ; Parry, CDH ; Pasovic, M ; Pasupula, DK ; Patel, JR ; Patel, SK ; Paternina-Caicedo, AJ ; Pathak, A ; Pathak, M ; Patten, SB ; Patton, GC ; Paudel, D ; Paudel, S ; Paulson, KR ; Toroudi, HP ; Pease, SA ; Peden, AE ; Pennini, A ; Pepito, VCF ; Peprah, EK ; Pereira, A ; Pereira, DM ; Pereira, J ; Perico, N ; Pescarini, JM ; Pesudovs, K ; Pham, HQ ; Phillips, MR ; Piccinelli, C ; Pierce, M ; Pigott, DM ; Pilgrim, T ; Pilz, TM ; Pinheiro, M ; Piradov, MA ; Pirsaheb, M ; Pishgar, F ; Plana-Ripoll, O ; Plass, D ; Pletcher, M ; Pokhrel, KN ; Polibin, RV ; Polinder, S ; Polkinghorne, KR ; Pond, CD ; Postma, MJ ; Pottoo, FH ; Pourjafar, H ; Pourmalek, F ; Kalhori, RP ; Pourshams, A ; Poznanska, A ; Prada, SI ; Prakash, S ; Prakash, V ; Prasad, N ; Preotescu, L ; Pribadi, DRA ; Pupillo, E ; Quazi Syed, Z ; Rabiee, M ; Rabiee, N ; Radfar, A ; Rafiee, A ; Rafiei, A ; Raggi, A ; Rahim, F ; Rahimi-Movaghar, A ; Rahman, MHU ; Rahman, MA ; Rajabpour-Sanati, A ; Rajati, F ; Rakovac, I ; Ram, P ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Rana, SM ; Ranabhat, CL ; Ranta, A ; Rao, PC ; Rao, SJ ; Rasella, D ; Rashedi, V ; Rastogi, P ; Rath, GK ; Rathi, P ; Rawaf, DL ; Rawaf, S ; Rawal, L ; Rawassizadeh, R ; Rawat, R ; Razo, C ; Boston, S ; Regassa, LD ; Reiner, RC ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, MB ; Remuzzi, G ; Renjith, V ; Renzaho, AMN ; Resnikoff, S ; Rezaei, N ; Rezaei, N ; Rezai, MS ; Rezapour, A ; Rhinehart, P-A ; Riahi, SM ; Ribeiro, ALP ; Ribeiro, DC ; Ribeiro, D ; Rickard, J ; Rivera, JA ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, NLS ; Roberts, S ; Robinson, SR ; Rodriguez-Ramirez, S ; Roever, L ; Rolfe, S ; Romoli, M ; Ronfani, L ; Room, R ; Roshandel, G ; Rostamian, M ; Roth, GA ; Rothenbacher, D ; Rubagotti, E ; Rumisha, SF ; Rwegerera, GM ; Saadatagah, S ; Sabour, S ; Sachdev, PS ; Saddik, B ; Sadeghi, E ; Sadeghi, M ; Saeedi, R ; Moghaddam, SS ; Saeidi, S ; Safari, Y ; Safi, S ; Safiri, S ; Sagar, R ; Sahebkar, A ; Sahraian, MA ; Sajadi, SM ; Salahshoor, MR ; Salam, N ; Salama, JS ; Salamati, P ; Zahabi, SS ; Salem, H ; Salem, MR ; Salimi, Y ; Salimzadeh, H ; Salman, OM ; Salomon, JA ; Salz, I ; Samad, Z ; Kafil, HS ; Sambala, EZ ; Samy, AM ; Sanabria, J ; Sanchez-Pimienta, TG ; Santomauro, DF ; Santos, IS ; Santos, JV ; Santric-Milicevic, MM ; Saraswathy, SYI ; Sarmiento-Suarez, R ; Sarrafzadegan, N ; Sartorius, B ; Sarveazad, A ; Sathian, B ; Sathish, T ; Sattin, D ; Savic, M ; Sawyer, SM ; Saxena, D ; Saxena, S ; Saylan, M ; Sbarra, AN ; Schaeffer, LE ; Schiavolin, S ; Schlaich, MP ; Schmidt, MI ; Schutte, AE ; Schwebel, DC ; Schwendicke, F ; Seedat, S ; Sekerija, M ; Senbeta, AM ; Senthilkumaran, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Serdar, B ; Serre, ML ; Servan-Mori, E ; Sha, F ; Shabani, M ; Shackelford, KA ; Shadid, J ; Shafaat, O ; Shahabi, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Shaheen, AA ; Shaikh, MA ; Shalash, AS ; Shams-Beyranvand, M ; Shamsi, M ; Shamsizadeh, M ; Shannawaz, M ; Sharafi, K ; Sharafi, Z ; Sharara, F ; Sharifi, H ; Sharma, R ; Shaw, DH ; Sheena, BS ; Sheikh, A ; Sheikhtaheri, A ; Shetty, BSK ; Shetty, RS ; Shibuya, K ; Shield, KD ; Shiferaw, WS ; Shigematsu, M ; Il Shin, J ; Shin, M-J ; Shiri, R ; Shirkoohi, R ; Shivakumar, KM ; Shrime, MG ; Shuval, K ; Siabani, S ; Sierpinski, R ; Sigfusdottir, ID ; Sigurvinsdottir, R ; Silva, DAS ; Silva, JP ; Simonetti, B ; Simpson, KE ; Singh, A ; Singh, JA ; Singh, P ; Sinha, DN ; Skiadaresi, E ; Skou, ST ; Skryabin, VY ; Sliwa, K ; Smith, A ; Smith, EUR ; Sobngwi, E ; Soheili, A ; Sokhan, A ; Soltani, S ; Somefun, OD ; Soofi, M ; Sorensen, RJD ; Soriano, JB ; Sorrie, MB ; Soshnikov, S ; Soyiri, IN ; Spencer, CN ; Spotin, A ; Spurlock, EE ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Srinivasan, V ; Sripada, K ; Stanaway, JD ; Stark, BA ; Steel, N ; Stefan, SC ; Stein, C ; Stein, DJ ; Steiner, C ; Steiner, TJ ; Steuben, KM ; Stockfelt, L ; Stokes, MA ; Stovner, LJ ; Straif, K ; Stranges, S ; Stubbs, JL ; Suchdev, PS ; Sudaryanto, A ; Sufiyan, MB ; Suleria, HAR ; Abdulkader, RS ; Sulo, G ; Sultan, I ; Swope, CB ; Sykes, BL ; Sylte, DO ; Szocska, M ; Szumowski, L ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Tabuchi, T ; Tadakamadla, SK ; Taddele, BW ; Tadesse, DB ; Taherkhani, A ; Tahir, Z ; Tajdini, M ; Takahashi, K ; Takala, JS ; Tamiru, AT ; Tang, M ; Tanser, FC ; Tareque, MI ; Tarigan, IU ; Taveira, N ; Taylor, HJ ; Teagle, WL ; Teame, H ; Tediosi, F ; Tefera, YG ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Teklehaimanot, BF ; Tela, FG ; Temsah, M-H ; Terrason, S ; Tesema, GA ; Tessema, ZT ; Thakur, B ; Thankappan, KR ; Thapar, R ; Thomas, N ; Thomson, AM ; Thrift, AG ; Thurston, GD ; Titova, MV ; Tlou, B ; Tohidinik, HR ; Tonelli, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Topouzis, F ; Torre, AE ; Touvier, M ; Tovani-Palone, MR ; Traini, E ; Tran, BX ; Travillian, R ; Trias-Llimos, S ; Troeger, CE ; Truelsen, TC ; Tsai, AC ; Tsatsakis, A ; Car, LT ; Tyrovolas, S ; Uddin, R ; Ullah, I ; Ullah, S ; Umeokonkwo, CD ; Undurraga, EA ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Upadhyay, E ; Uthman, OA ; Vacante, M ; Vaicekonyte, R ; Vakilian, A ; Valdez, PR ; Valli, A ; Van Donkelaar, A ; Vardavas, C ; Varughese, S ; Vasankari, TJ ; Vasconcelos, AMN ; Vasseghian, Y ; Veisani, Y ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Vidale, S ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, V ; Vollset, SE ; Vongpradith, A ; Vos, T ; Vu, GT ; Vujcic, IS ; Vukovic, A ; Vukovic, R ; Hawariat, FGW ; Waheed, Y ; Wallin, MT ; Walters, MK ; Wamai, RG ; Wang, F ; Wang, H ; Wang, H ; Wang, J ; Wang, Y ; Wang, Y ; Wang, Y-P ; Ward, JL ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Wei, J ; Wei, MYW ; Weintraub, RG ; Weiss, DJ ; Weiss, J ; Welay, FT ; Weldesamuel, GT ; Werdecker, A ; West, JJ ; Westerman, R ; Whisnant, JL ; Whiteford, HA ; Wiangkham, T ; Wickramasinghe, ND ; Wiens, KE ; Wijeratne, T ; Wilner, LB ; Wilson, S ; Wiysonge, CS ; Wojtyniak, B ; Woldu, G ; Wolfe, CDA ; Wondmeneh, TG ; Wondmieneh, AB ; Wool, EE ; Wozniak, SS ; Wu, A-M ; Wu, C ; Wu, J ; Hanson, SW ; Wunrow, HY ; Xie, Y ; Xu, G ; Xu, R ; Yadgir, S ; Jabbari, SHY ; Yamada, T ; Yamagishi, K ; Yaminfirooz, M ; Yano, Y ; Yaya, S ; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V ; Yearwood, JA ; Yeheyis, TY ; Yeshitila, YG ; Yilgwan, CS ; Yilma, MT ; Yip, P ; Yonemoto, N ; Yoon, S-J ; Lebni, JY ; York, HW ; Younis, MZ ; Younker, TP ; Yousefi, B ; Yousefi, Z ; Yousefifard, M ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Yousuf, AY ; Yu, C ; Yu, Y ; Yuan, C-W ; Yuce, D ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Zadey, S ; Moghadam, TZ ; Zaidi, SS ; Zaki, L ; Zakzuk, J ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zamanian, M ; Zandian, H ; Zangeneh, A ; Zarafshan, H ; Zastrozhin, MS ; Zewdie, KA ; Zhang, J ; Zhang, Y ; Zhang, Z-J ; Zhao, JT ; Zhao, X-JG ; Zhao, Y ; Zheleva, B ; Zheng, P ; Zhou, M ; Zhu, C ; Ziapour, A ; Zimsen, SRM ; Zlavog, BS ; Zodpey, S ; Lim, SS ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020-10-17)
    The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
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    Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Wang, H ; Abbas, KM ; Abbasifard, M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abolhassani, H ; Abreu, LG ; Abrigo, MRM ; Abushouk, AI ; Adabi, M ; Adair, T ; Adebayo, OM ; Adedeji, IA ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adeoye, AM ; Adetokunboh, OO ; Advani, SM ; Afshin, A ; Aghaali, M ; Agrawal, A ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmadieh, H ; Ahmed, MB ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, K ; Alam, T ; Alanezi, FM ; Alanzi, TM ; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE ; Ali, M ; Alicandro, G ; Alijanzadeh, M ; Alinia, C ; Alipour, V ; Alizade, H ; Aljunid, SM ; Allebeck, P ; Almadi, MAH ; Almasi-Hashiani, A ; Al-Mekhlafi, HM ; Altirkawi, KA ; Alumran, AK ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Aminorroaya, A ; Amit, AML ; Ancuceanu, R ; Andrei, CL ; Androudi, S ; Angus, C ; Anjomshoa, M ; Ansari, F ; Ansari, I ; Ansari-Moghaddam, A ; Antonio, CAT ; Antony, CM ; Anvari, D ; Appiah, SCY ; Arabloo, J ; Arab-Zozani, M ; Aravkin, AY ; Aremu, O ; Arnlov, J ; Aryal, KK ; Asadi-Pooya, AA ; Asgari, S ; Jafarabadi, MA ; Atteraya, MS ; Ausloos, M ; 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Costa, VM ; Cowden, RG ; Cromwell, EA ; Croneberger, AJ ; Cunningham, M ; Dahlawi, SMA ; Damiani, G ; D'Amico, E ; Dandona, L ; Dandona, R ; Dargan, PI ; Darwesh, AM ; Daryani, A ; Das Gupta, R ; das Neves, J ; Davletov, K ; De Leo, D ; Denova-Gutierrez, E ; Deribe, K ; Dervenis, N ; Desai, R ; Dhungana, GP ; da Silva, DD ; Diaz, D ; Dippenaar, IN ; Djalalinia, S ; Do, HT ; Dokova, K ; Doku, DT ; Dorostkar, F ; Doshi, CP ; Doshmangir, L ; Doyle, KE ; Dubljanin, E ; Duraes, AR ; Edvardsson, D ; Effiong, A ; El Sayed, I ; El Tantawi, M ; Elbarazi, I ; El-Jaafary, SI ; Emamian, MH ; Eskandarieh, S ; Esmaeilzadeh, F ; Estep, K ; Farahmand, M ; Faraj, A ; Fareed, M ; Faridnia, R ; Faro, A ; Farzadfar, F ; Fattahi, N ; Fazaeli, AA ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Feigin, VL ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Ferreira, ML ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Flohr, C ; Foigt, NA ; Folayan, MO ; Fomenkov, AA ; Freitas, M ; Fukumoto, T ; Fuller, JE ; Furtado, JM ; Gad, MM ; Gakidou, E ; Gallus, S ; Gebrehiwot, AM ; Gebremedhin, KB ; 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Kanchan, T ; Kapoor, N ; Karch, A ; Karimi, SE ; Karimi, SA ; Kassebaum, NJ ; Katikireddi, SV ; Kawakami, N ; Kayode, GA ; Keiyoro, PN ; Keller, C ; Khader, YS ; Khalid, N ; Khan, EA ; Khan, M ; Khang, Y-H ; Khater, AM ; Khater, MM ; Khazaei, S ; Khazaie, H ; Khodayari, MT ; Khubchandani, J ; Kianipour, N ; Kim, C-I ; Kim, Y-E ; Kim, YJ ; Kinfu, Y ; Kisa, A ; Kisa, S ; Kissimova-Skarbek, K ; Kivimaki, M ; Komaki, H ; Kopec, JA ; Kosen, S ; Koul, PA ; Koyanagi, A ; Kravchenko, MA ; Krishan, K ; Krohn, KJ ; Defo, BK ; Kumar, GA ; Kumar, M ; Kumar, P ; Kumar, V ; Kusuma, D ; Kyu, HH ; La Vecchia, C ; Lacey, B ; Lal, DK ; Lalloo, R ; Lami, FH ; Lansky, S ; Larson, SL ; Larsson, AO ; Lasrado, S ; Lassi, ZS ; Lazarus, JV ; Lee, PH ; Lee, SWH ; Leever, AT ; LeGrand, KE ; Leonardi, M ; Li, S ; Lim, L-L ; Lim, SS ; Linn, S ; Lodha, R ; Logroscino, G ; Lopez, AD ; Lopukhov, PD ; Lotufo, PA ; Lozano, R ; Lu, A ; Lunevicius, R ; Madadin, M ; Maddison, ER ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Mahasha, PW ; Mahdavi, MM ; Malekzadeh, R ; Mamun, AA ; Manafi, N ; Mansour-Ghanaei, F ; Mansouri, B ; Mansournia, MA ; Mapoma, CC ; Martini, S ; Martins-Melo, FR ; Masaka, A ; Mastrogiacomo, CI ; Mathur, MR ; May, EA ; McAlinden, C ; McGrath, JJ ; McKee, M ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Mehri, F ; Mehta, KM ; Meitei, WB ; Memiah, PTN ; Mendoza, W ; Menezes, RG ; Mengesha, EW ; Mensah, GA ; Meretoja, A ; Meretoja, TJ ; Mestrovic, T ; Michalek, IM ; Mihretie, KM ; Miller, TR ; Mills, EJ ; Milne, GJ ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Mirzaei, H ; Mirzaei, M ; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M ; Misganaw, AT ; Moazen, B ; Moghadaszadeh, M ; Mohamadi, E ; Mohammad, DK ; Mohammad, Y ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadbeigi, A ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A ; Mohammadpourhodki, R ; Mohammed, H ; Mohammed, S ; Mohebi, F ; Bandpei, MAM ; Mokari, A ; Mokdad, AH ; Momen, NC ; Monasta, L ; Mooney, MD ; Moradi, G ; Moradi, M ; Moradi-Joo, M ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Moradzadeh, R ; Moraga, P ; Velasquez, IM ; Morgado-da-Costa, J ; Morrison, SD ; Mosser, JF ; Mouodi, S ; Mousavi, SM ; Khaneghah, AM ; Mueller, UO ; Musa, KI ; Muthupandian, S ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Naderi, M ; Nagarajan, AJ ; Naghavi, M ; Naghshtabrizi, B ; Naik, G ; Najafi, F ; Nangia, V ; Nansseu, JR ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Negoi, RI ; Ngunjiri, JW ; Nguyen, HLT ; Nguyen, TH ; Nigatu, YT ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Nikpoor, AR ; Nixon, MR ; Nnaji, CA ; Nomura, S ; Noubiap, JJ ; Motlagh, SN ; Nowak, C ; Otoiu, A ; Odell, CM ; Oh, I-H ; Oladnabi, M ; Olagunju, AT ; Olusanya, BO ; Olusanya, JO ; Bali, AO ; Ong, KL ; Onwujekwe, OE ; Ortiz, A ; Otstavnov, N ; Otstavnov, SS ; Overland, S ; Owolabi, MO ; Mahesh, PA ; Padubidri, JR ; Pakshir, K ; Palladino, R ; Pana, A ; Panda-Jonas, S ; Park, J ; Pasupula, DK ; Patel, JR ; Patel, SK ; Patton, GC ; Paulson, KR ; Toroudi, HP ; Pease, SA ; Peden, AE ; Pepito, VCF ; Peprah, EK ; Pereira, A ; Pereira, DM ; Perico, N ; Pigott, DM ; Pilgrim, T ; Pilz, TM ; Piradov, MA ; Pirsaheb, M ; Pokhrel, KN ; Postma, MJ ; Pourjafar, H ; Pourmalek, F ; Pourshams, A ; Poznanska, A ; Prada, SI ; Prakash, S ; Preotescu, L ; Syed, ZQ ; Rabiee, M ; Rabiee, N ; Radfar, A ; Rafiei, A ; Raggi, A ; Rahman, MA ; Rajabpour-Sanati, A ; Ram, P ; Ranabhat, CL ; Rao, SJ ; Rasella, D ; Rashedi, V ; Rastogi, P ; Rathi, P ; Rawal, L ; Remuzzi, G ; Renjith, V ; Renzaho, AMN ; Resnikoff, S ; Rezaei, N ; Rezai, MS ; Rezapour, A ; Rickard, J ; Roever, L ; Ronfani, L ; Roshandel, G ; Rostamian, M ; Rubagotti, E ; Rwegerera, GM ; Sabour, S ; Saddik, B ; Sadeghi, E ; Sadeghi, M ; Moghaddam, SS ; Safari, Y ; Safi, S ; Safiri, S ; Sagar, R ; Sahebkar, A ; Sahraian, MA ; Sajadi, SM ; Salahshoor, MR ; Salama, JS ; Salamati, P ; Salem, MRR ; Salimi, Y ; Salomon, JA ; Salz, I ; Samad, Z ; Samy, AM ; Sanabria, J ; Santric-Milicevic, MM ; Saraswathy, SYI ; Sartorius, B ; Sarveazad, A ; Sathian, B ; Sathish, T ; Sattin, D ; Saylan, M ; Schaeffer, LE ; Schaeffer, LE ; Schiavolin, S ; Schwebel, DC ; Schwendicke, F ; Sekerija, M ; Senbeta, AM ; Senthilkumaran, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Servan-Mori, E ; Shabani, M ; Shahabi, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Shaheen, AA ; Shaikh, MA ; Shalash, AS ; Shams-Beyranvand, M ; Shamsi, M ; Shamsizadeh, M ; Shannawaz, M ; Sharafi, K ; Sharafi, Z ; Sharara, F ; Sharma, R ; Shaw, DH ; Sheikh, A ; Il Shin, J ; Shiri, R ; Shrime, MG ; Shuval, K ; Siabani, S ; Sigfusdottir, ID ; Sigurvinsdottir, R ; Silva, DAS ; Simonetti, B ; Simpson, KE ; Singh, JA ; Skiadaresi, E ; Skryabin, VY ; Soheili, A ; Sokhan, A ; Sorensen, RJD ; Soriano, JB ; Sorrie, MB ; Soyiri, IN ; Spurlock, EE ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Stockfelt, L ; Stokes, MA ; Stubbs, JL ; Sudaryanto, A ; Sufiyan, MB ; Abdulkader, RS ; Sykes, BL ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Tadakamadla, SK ; Taherkhani, A ; Tang, M ; Taveira, N ; Taylor, HJ ; Teagle, WL ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Teklehaimanot, BF ; Tessema, ZT ; Thankappan, KR ; Thomas, N ; Thrift, AG ; Titova, MV ; Tohidinik, HR ; Tonelli, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Topouzis, F ; Tovani-Palone, MRR ; Traini, E ; Tran, BX ; Travillian, R ; Trias-Llimos, S ; Truelsen, TC ; Car, LT ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Upadhyay, E ; Vacante, M ; Vakilian, A ; Valdez, PR ; Valli, A ; Vardavas, C ; Vasankari, TJ ; Vasconcelos, AMN ; Vasseghian, Y ; Veisani, Y ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Vidale, S ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, V ; Vollset, SE ; Vos, T ; Vujcic, IS ; Vukovic, A ; Vukovic, R ; Waheed, Y ; Wallin, MT ; Walters, MK ; Wang, H ; Wang, Y-P ; Watson, S ; Wei, J ; Weiss, J ; Weldesamuel, GT ; Werdecker, A ; Westerman, R ; Whiteford, HA ; Wiangkham, T ; Wiens, KE ; Wijeratne, T ; Wiysonge, CS ; Wojtyniak, B ; Wolfe, CDA ; Wondmieneh, AB ; Wool, EE ; Wu, A-M ; Wu, J ; Xu, G ; Yamada, T ; Yamagishi, K ; Yano, Y ; Yaya, S ; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V ; Yearwood, JA ; Yeheyis, TY ; Yilgwan, CS ; Yip, P ; Yonemoto, N ; Yoon, S-J ; Lebni, JY ; York, HW ; Younis, MZ ; Younker, TP ; Yousefi, Z ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Yousuf, AY ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Moghadam, TZ ; Zakzuk, J ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zamanian, M ; Zandian, H ; Zhang, Z-J ; Zheng, P ; Zhou, M ; Ziapour, A ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020-10-17)
    BACKGROUND:Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. METHODS:8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10-14 and 50-54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. FINDINGS:The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66-2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17-2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5-137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0-146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2-144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4-27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8-67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8-74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5-51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7-59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1-10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3-6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0-6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5-8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1-60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8-66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. INTERPRETATION:Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. FUNDING:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
    James, SL ; Lucchesi, LR ; Bisignano, C ; Castle, CD ; Dingels, Z ; Fox, JT ; Hamilton, EB ; Henry, NJ ; McCracken, D ; Roberts, NLS ; Sylte, DO ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmed, MB ; Alahdab, F ; Alipour, V ; Andualem, Z ; Antonio, CAT ; Arabloo, J ; Badiye, AD ; Bagherzadeh, M ; Banstola, A ; Baernighausen, TW ; Barzegar, A ; Bayati, M ; Bhaumik, S ; Bijani, A ; Bukhman, G ; Carvalho, F ; Crowe, CS ; Dalal, K ; Daryani, A ; Nasab, MD ; Hoa, TD ; Huyen, PD ; Endries, AY ; Fernandes, E ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Fukumoto, T ; Gebremedhin, KBB ; Gebremeskel, GG ; Gilani, SA ; Haagsma, JA ; Hamidi, S ; Hostiuc, S ; Househ, M ; Igumbor, EU ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Irvani, SSN ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Kahsay, A ; Kapoor, N ; Kasaeian, A ; Khader, YS ; Khalil, IA ; Khan, EA ; Khazaee-Pool, M ; Kokubo, Y ; Lopez, AD ; Madadin, M ; Majdan, M ; Maled, V ; Malekzadeh, R ; Manafi, N ; Manafi, A ; Mangalam, S ; Massenburg, BB ; Meles, HG ; Menezes, RG ; Meretoja, TJ ; Miazgowski, B ; Miller, TR ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A ; Mohammadpourhodki, R ; Morrison, SD ; Negoi, I ; Trang, HN ; Son, HN ; Cuong, TN ; Nixon, MR ; Olagunju, AT ; Olagunju, TO ; Padubidri, JR ; Polinder, S ; Rabiee, N ; Rabiee, M ; Radfar, A ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rawaf, S ; Rawaf, DL ; Rezapour, A ; Rickard, J ; Roro, EM ; Roy, N ; Safari-Faramani, R ; Salamati, P ; Samy, AM ; Satpathy, M ; Sawhney, M ; Schwebel, DC ; Senthilkumaran, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Shigematsu, M ; Soheili, A ; Stokes, MA ; Tohidinik, HR ; Bach, XT ; Valdez, PR ; Wijeratne, T ; Yisma, E ; Zaidi, Z ; Zamani, M ; Zhang, Z-J ; Hay, S ; Mokdad, AH (BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, 2020-10)
    BACKGROUND: Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result. RESULTS: Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care.
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    Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    Haagsma, JA ; James, SL ; Castle, CD ; Dingels, Z ; Fox, JT ; Hamilton, EB ; Liu, Z ; Lucchesi, LR ; Roberts, NLS ; Sylte, DO ; Adebayo, OM ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmed, MB ; Aichour, MTE ; Alahdab, F ; Alghnam, SA ; Aljunid, SM ; Al-Raddadi, RM ; Alsharif, U ; Altirkawi, K ; Anjomshoa, M ; Antonio, CAT ; Appiah, SCY ; Aremu, O ; Arora, A ; Asayesh, H ; Assadi, R ; Awasthi, A ; Ayala Quintanilla, BP ; Balalla, S ; Banstola, A ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Baernighausen, TW ; Bazargan-Hejazi, S ; Bedi, N ; Behzadifar, M ; Behzadifar, M ; Benjet, C ; Bennett, DA ; Bensenor, IM ; Bhaumik, S ; Bhutta, ZA ; Bijani, A ; Borges, G ; Borschmann, R ; Bose, D ; Boufous, S ; Brazinova, A ; Rincon, JCC ; Cardenas, R ; Carrero, JJ ; Carvalho, F ; Castaneda-Orjuela, CA ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Choi, J-YJ ; Christopher, DJ ; Crowe, CS ; Dalal, K ; Daryani, A ; Davitoiu, DV ; Degenhardt, L ; De Leo, D ; De Neve, J-W ; Deribe, K ; Dessie, GA ; deVeber, GA ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Linh, PD ; Dolan, KA ; Driscoll, TR ; Dubey, M ; El-Khatib, Z ; Ellingsen, CL ; Zaki, MES ; Endries, AY ; Eskandarieh, S ; Faro, A ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Franklin, RC ; Fukumoto, T ; Gezae, KE ; Gill, TK ; Goulart, AC ; Grada, A ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Bidgoli, HH ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hamadeh, RR ; Hamidi, S ; Maria Haro, J ; Hassankhani, H ; Hassen, HY ; Havmoeller, R ; Hendrie, D ; Henok, A ; Hijar, M ; Hole, MK ; Rad, EH ; Hossain, N ; Hostiuc, S ; Hu, G ; Igumbor, EU ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Irvani, SSN ; Islam, SMS ; Ivers, RQ ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jha, RP ; Jonas, JB ; Shushtari, ZJ ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Jurisson, M ; Kabir, A ; Kalani, R ; Kasaeian, A ; Kelbore, AG ; Kengne, AP ; Khader, YS ; Khafaie, MA ; Khalid, N ; Khan, EA ; Khoja, AT ; Kiadaliri, AA ; Kim, Y-E ; Kim, D ; Kisa, A ; Koyanagi, A ; Defo, BK ; Bicer, BK ; Kumar, M ; Lalloo, R ; Lam, H ; Lami, FH ; Lansingh, VC ; Leasher, JL ; Li, S ; Linn, S ; Lunevicius, R ; Machado, FR ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Mahotra, NB ; Majdan, M ; Majeed, A ; Malekzadeh, R ; Malik, MA ; Malta, DC ; Manda, A-L ; Mansournia, MA ; Massenburg, BB ; Maulik, PK ; Meheretu, HAA ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Melese, A ; Mendoza, W ; Mengesha, MM ; Meretoja, TJ ; Meretoja, A ; Mestrovic, T ; Miazgowski, T ; Miller, TR ; Mini, GK ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Moazen, B ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadibakhsh, R ; Mohammed, S ; Molokhia, M ; Monasta, L ; Mondello, S ; Montero-Zamora, PA ; Moodley, Y ; Moosazadeh, M ; Moradi, G ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Morawska, L ; Moreno Velasquez, I ; Morrison, SD ; Moschos, MM ; Mousavi, SM ; Murthy, S ; Musa, KI ; Naik, G ; Najafi, F ; Nangia, V ; Nascimento, BR ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Trang, HN ; Son, HN ; Long, HN ; Huong, LTN ; Ningrum, DNA ; Nirayo, YL ; Ofori-Asenso, R ; Ogbo, FA ; Oh, I-H ; Oladimeji, O ; Olagunju, AT ; Olagunju, TO ; Olivares, PR ; Orpana, HM ; Otstavnov, SS ; Mahesh, PA ; Pakhale, S ; Park, E-K ; Patton, GC ; Pesudovs, K ; Phillips, MR ; Polinder, S ; Prakash, S ; Radfar, A ; Rafay, A ; Rafiei, A ; Rahimi, S ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rahman, MA ; Rai, RK ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Rawaf, S ; Rawaf, DL ; Renzaho, AMN ; Resnikoff, S ; Rezaeian, S ; Roever, L ; Ronfani, L ; Roshandel, G ; Sabde, YD ; Saddik, B ; Salamati, P ; Salimi, Y ; Salz, I ; Samy, AM ; Sanabria, J ; Riera, LS ; Milicevic, MMS ; Satpathy, M ; Sawhney, M ; Sawyer, SM ; Saxena, S ; Saylan, M ; Schneider, IJC ; Schwebel, DC ; Seedat, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Shaikh, MA ; Shams-Beyranvand, M ; Shamsizadeh, M ; Sharif-Alhoseini, M ; Sheikh, A ; Shen, J ; Shigematsu, M ; Shiri, R ; Shiue, I ; Silva, JP ; Singh, JA ; Sinha, DN ; Soares Filho, AM ; Soriano, JB ; Soshnikov, S ; Soyiri, IN ; Starodubov, V ; Stein, DJ ; Stokes, MA ; Sufiyan, MB ; Sunshine, JE ; Sykes, BL ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Tessema, GA ; Thakur, JS ; Khanh, BT ; Bach, XT ; Car, LT ; Uthman, OA ; Uzochukwu, BSC ; Valdez, PR ; Varavikova, E ; Nogales Vasconcelos, AM ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, V ; Waheed, Y ; Wang, Y-P ; Wijeratne, T ; Winkler, AS ; Yadav, P ; Yano, Y ; Yenesew, MA ; Yip, P ; Yisma, E ; Yonemoto, N ; Younis, MZ ; Yu, C ; Zafar, S ; Zaidi, Z ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zhao, Y ; Zodpey, S ; Hay, S ; Lopez, AD ; Mokdad, AH ; Vos, T (BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, 2020-10)
    BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. METHODS: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. RESULTS: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.