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    Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18: a modelling study
    Sartorius, B ; Van der Heide, J ; Yang, M ; Goosmann, E ; Hon, J ; Haeuser, E ; Cork, M ; Perkins, S ; Jahagirdar, D ; Schaeffer, L ; Serfes, A ; LeGrand, K ; Abbastabar, H ; Abebo, Z ; Abosetugn, A ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Accrombessi, M ; Adebayo, O ; Adegbosin, A ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adetokunboh, O ; Adeyinka, D ; Ahinkorah, B ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmed, M ; Akalu, Y ; Akinyemi, O ; Akinyemi, R ; Aklilu, A ; Akunna, C ; Alahdab, F ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, N ; Alamneh, A ; Alanzi, T ; Alemu, B ; Alhassan, R ; Ali, T ; Alipour, V ; Amini, S ; Ancuceanu, R ; Ansari, F ; Anteneh, Z ; Anvari, D ; Anwer, R ; Appiah, S ; Arabloo, J ; Asemahagn, M ; Jafarabadi, M ; Asmare, W ; Atnafu, D ; Atout, M ; Atreya, A ; Ausloos, M ; Awedew, A ; Quintanilla, B ; Ayanore, M ; Aynalem, Y ; Ayza, M ; Azari, S ; Azene, Z ; Babar, Z-U-D ; Baig, A ; Balakrishnan, S ; Banach, M ; Barnighausen, T ; Basu, S ; Bayati, M ; Bedi, N ; Bekuma, T ; Bezabhe, W ; Bhagavathula, A ; Bhardwaj, P ; Bhattacharyya, K ; Bhutta, Z ; Bibi, S ; Bikbov, B ; Birhan, T ; Bitew, Z ; Bockarie, M ; Boloor, A ; Brady, O ; Bragazzi, N ; Briko, A ; Briko, N ; Nagaraja, S ; Butt, Z ; Cardenas, R ; Carvalho, F ; Charan, J ; Chatterjee, S ; Chattu, S ; Chattu, V ; Chowdhury, M ; Chu, D-T ; Cook, A ; Cormier, N ; Cowden, R ; Culquichicon, C ; Dagnew, B ; Dahlawi, S ; Damiani, G ; Daneshpajouhnejad, P ; Daoud, F ; Daryani, A ; das Neves, J ; Weaver, N ; Molla, M ; Deribe, K ; Desta, A ; Deuba, K ; Dharmaratne, S ; Dhungana, G ; Diaz, D ; Djalalinia, S ; Doku, P ; Dubljanin, E ; Duko, B ; Eagan, A ; Earl, L ; Eaton, J ; Effiong, A ; Zaki, M ; El Tantawi, M ; Elayedath, R ; El-Jaafary, S ; Elsharkawy, A ; Eskandarieh, S ; Eyawo, O ; Ezzikouri, S ; Fasanmi, A ; Fasil, A ; Fauk, N ; Feigin, V ; Ferede, T ; Fernandes, E ; Fischer, F ; Foigt, N ; Folayan, M ; Foroutan, M ; Francis, J ; Fukumoto, T ; Gad, M ; Geberemariyam, B ; Gebregiorgis, B ; Gebremichael, B ; Gesesew, H ; Getacher, L ; Ghadiri, K ; Ghashghaee, A ; Gilani, S ; Ginindza, T ; Glagn, M ; Golechha, M ; Gona, P ; Gubari, M ; Gugnani, H ; Guido, D ; Guled, R ; Hall, B ; Hamidi, S ; Handiso, D ; Hargono, A ; Hashi, A ; Hassanipour, S ; Hassankhani, H ; Hayat, K ; Herteliu, C ; de Hidru, H ; Holla, R ; Hosgood, H ; Hossain, N ; Hosseini, M ; Hosseinzadeh, M ; Househ, M ; Hwang, B-F ; Ibitoye, S ; Ilesanmi, O ; Ilic, I ; Ilic, M ; Irvani, S ; Iwu, C ; Iwu, C ; Iyamu, I ; Jain, V ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jalilian, F ; Jha, R ; Johnson, K ; Joshua, V ; Joukar, F ; Jozwiak, J ; Kabir, A ; Kalankesh, L ; Kalhor, R ; Kamath, A ; Kamyari, N ; Kanchan, T ; Matin, B ; Karch, A ; Karimi, S ; Kasa, A ; Kassahun, G ; Kayode, G ; Karyani, A ; Keiyoro, P ; Kelkay, B ; Khalid, N ; Khan, G ; Khan, J ; Khan, M ; Khatab, K ; Khazaei, S ; Kim, Y ; Kisa, A ; Kisa, S ; Kochhar, S ; Kopec, J ; Kosen, S ; Laxminarayana, S ; Koyanagi, A ; Krishan, K ; Defo, B ; Kugbey, N ; Kulkarni, V ; Kumar, M ; Kumar, N ; Kurmi, O ; Kusuma, D ; Kuupiel, D ; Kyu, H ; La Vecchia, C ; Lal, D ; Lam, J ; Landires, I ; Lasrado, S ; Lazarus, J ; Lazzar-Atwood, A ; Lee, P ; Leshargie, C ; Li, B ; Liu, X ; Lopukhov, P ; Amin, H ; Madi, D ; Mahasha, P ; Majeed, A ; Maleki, A ; Maleki, S ; Mamun, A ; Manafi, N ; Mansournia, M ; Martins-Melo, F ; Masoumi, S ; Mayala, B ; Meharie, B ; Meheretu, H ; Meles, H ; Melku, M ; Mendoza, W ; Mengesha, E ; Meretoja, T ; Mersha, A ; Mestrovic, T ; Miller, T ; Mirica, A ; Alavijeh, M ; Mohamad, O ; Mohammad, Y ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A ; Mohammed, J ; Mohammed, S ; Mohammed, S ; Mokdad, A ; Mokonnon, T ; Molokhia, M ; Moradi, M ; Moradi, Y ; Moradzadeh, R ; Moraga, P ; Mosser, J ; Munro, S ; Mustafa, G ; Muthupandian, S ; Naderi, M ; Nagarajan, A ; Naghavi, M ; Naveed, M ; Nayak, V ; Nazari, J ; Ndejjo, R ; Nepal, S ; Netsere, H ; Ngalesoni, F ; Nguefack-Tsague, G ; Ngunjiri, J ; Nigatu, Y ; Nigussie, S ; Nnaji, C ; Noubiap, J ; Nunez-Samudio, V ; Oancea, B ; Odukoya, O ; Ogbo, F ; Oladimeji, O ; Olagunju, A ; Olusanya, B ; Olusanya, J ; Omer, M ; Omonisi, A ; Onwujekwe, O ; Orisakwe, O ; Otstavnov, N ; Owolabi, M ; Mahesh, P ; Padubidri, J ; Pakhale, S ; Pana, A ; Pandi-Perumal, S ; Patel, U ; Pathak, M ; Patton, G ; Pawar, S ; Peprah, E ; Pokhrel, K ; Postma, M ; Pottoo, F ; Pourjafar, H ; Pribadi, D ; Syed, Z ; Rafiei, A ; Rahim, F ; Rahman, M ; Rahmani, A ; Ram, P ; Rana, J ; Ranabhat, C ; Rao, S ; Rao, S ; Rathi, P ; Rawaf, D ; Rawaf, S ; Rawassizadeh, R ; Renjith, V ; Reta, M ; Rezaei, N ; Rezapour, A ; Ribeiro, A ; Ross, J ; Rumisha, S ; Sagar, R ; Sahu, M ; Sajadi, S ; Salem, M ; Samy, A ; Sathian, B ; Schutte, A ; Seidu, A-A ; Sha, F ; Shafaat, O ; Shahbaz, M ; Shaikh, M ; Shaka, M ; Sheikh, A ; Shibuya, K ; Shin, J ; Shivakumar, K ; Sidemo, N ; Singh, J ; Skryabin, V ; Skryabina, A ; Soheili, A ; Soltani, S ; Somefun, O ; Sorrie, M ; Spurlock, E ; Sufiyan, M ; Taddele, B ; Tadesse, E ; Tamir, Z ; Tamiru, A ; Tanser, F ; Taveira, N ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Tekalegn, Y ; Tesfay, F ; Tessema, B ; Tessema, Z ; Thakur, B ; Tolani, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Torrado, M ; Tovani-Palone, M ; Traini, E ; Tsai, A ; Tsegaye, G ; Ullah, I ; Ullah, S ; Umeokonkwo, C ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Vardavas, C ; Violante, F ; Vo, B ; Wado, Y ; Waheed, Y ; Wamai, R ; Wang, Y ; Ward, P ; Werdecker, A ; Wickramasinghe, N ; Wijeratne, T ; Wiysonge, C ; Wondmeneh, T ; Yamada, T ; Yaya, S ; Yeshaw, Y ; Yeshitila, Y ; Yilma, M ; Yip, P ; Yonemoto, N ; Yosef, T ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Zaidi, S ; Zaki, L ; Zamanian, M ; Zastrozhin, M ; Zastrozhina, A ; Zewdie, D ; Zhang, Y ; Zhang, Z-J ; Ziapour, A ; Hay, S ; Dwyer-Lindgren, L (ELSEVIER INC, 2021-06)
    BACKGROUND: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000-18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. FINDINGS: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1-3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4-1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7-0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6-888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8-8120·3]) cases per 100 000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0-1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81·1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. INTERPRETATION: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Abbafati, C ; Abbas, KM ; Abbasi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abdollahi, M ; Abdollahpour, I ; Abedi, A ; Abedi, P ; Abegaz, KH ; Abolhassani, H ; Abosetugn, AE ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, EM ; Abreu, LG ; Abrigo, MRM ; Abu Haimed, AK ; Abualhasan, A ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Abu-Raddad, LJ ; Abushouk, AI ; Acebedo, A ; Ackerman, IN ; Adabi, M ; Adair, T ; Adamu, AA ; Adebayo, OM ; Adedeji, IA ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adelson, JD ; Adeoye, AM ; Adetokunboh, OO ; Adham, D ; Advani, SM ; Afarideh, M ; Afshari, M ; Afshin, A ; Agardh, EE ; Agarwal, G ; Agasthi, P ; Agesa, KM ; Aghaali, M ; Aghamir, SMK ; Agrawal, A ; Ahmad, T ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmadi, M ; Ahmadieh, H ; Ahmadpour, E ; Ahmed, MB ; Aji, B ; Akalu, TY ; Akinyemi, RO ; Akinyemiju, T ; Akombi, B ; Akunna, CJ ; Alahdab, F ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, K ; Alam, N ; Alam, S ; Alam, T ; Alanezi, FM ; Alanzi, TM ; Albertson, SB ; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE ; Alema, NM ; Alemu, BW ; Alemu, YM ; Alhabib, KF ; Alhassan, RK ; Ali, M ; Ali, S ; Alicandro, G ; Alijanzadeh, M ; Alinia, C ; Alipour, V ; Alizade, H ; Aljunid, SM ; Alla, F ; Allebeck, P ; Almadi, MAH ; Almasi, A ; Almasi-Hashiani, A ; Almasri, NA ; Al-Mekhlafi, HM ; Almulhim, AM ; Alonso, J ; Al-Raddadi, RM ; Altirkawi, KA ; Alumran, AK ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ ; Amare, AT ; Amare, B ; Amini, S ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Aminorroaya, A ; Amiri, F ; Amit, AML ; Amugsi, DA ; Amul, GGH ; Anbesu, EW ; Ancuceanu, R ; Anderlini, D ; Anderson, JA ; Andrei, CL ; Andrei, T ; Androudi, S ; Angus, C ; Anjomshoa, M ; Ansari, F ; Ansari, I ; Ansari-Moghaddam, A ; Antonazzo, IC ; Antonio, CAT ; Antony, CM ; Antriyandarti, E ; Anvari, D ; Anwer, R ; Appiah, SCY ; Arabloo, J ; Arab-Zozani, M ; Aravkin, AY ; Arba, AAK ; Aremu, O ; Ariani, F ; Aripov, T ; Armoon, B ; Arnlov, J ; Arowosegbe, OO ; Aryal, KK ; Arzani, A ; Asaad, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Asadi-Pooya, AA ; Asgari, S ; Asghari, B ; Jafarabadi, MA ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Atafar, Z ; Athari, SS ; Atnafu, DD ; Atout, MMW ; Atre, SR ; Atteraya, MS ; Ausloos, F ; Ausloos, M ; Avila-Burgos, L ; Avokpaho, EFGA ; Quintanilla, BPA ; Ayano, G ; Ayanore, MA ; Aynalem, GL ; Aynalem, YA ; Ayza, MA ; Azari, S ; Azarian, G ; Azene, ZN ; Azhar, G ; Azzopardi, PS ; Darshan, BB ; Babaee, E ; Badawi, A ; Badiye, AD ; Bagherzadeh, M ; Bagli, E ; Bahrami, MA ; Baig, AA ; Bairwa, M ; Bakhshaei, MH ; Bakhtiari, A ; Bakkannavar, SM ; Balachandran, A ; Balakrishnan, S ; Balalla, S ; Balassyano, S ; Baldasseroni, A ; Ball, K ; Ballew, SH ; Balzi, D ; Banach, M ; Banerjee, SK ; Banik, PC ; Bannick, MS ; Bante, AB ; Bante, SA ; Baraki, AG ; Barboza, MA ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Barnighausen, TW ; Barrero, LH ; Barthelemy, CM ; Barua, L ; Barzegar, A ; Basaleem, H ; Bassat, Q ; Basu, S ; Baune, BT ; Bayati, M ; Baye, BA ; Bazmandegan, G ; Becker, JS ; Bedi, N ; Beghi, E ; Behzadifar, M ; Bejot, Y ; Bekuma, TTT ; Bell, ML ; Bello, AK ; Bender, RG ; Bennett, DA ; Bennitt, FB ; Bensenor, IM ; Benziger, CP ; Berhe, K ; Berman, AE ; Bernabe, E ; Bernstein, RS ; Bertolacci, GJ ; Bhagavathula, AS ; Bhageerathy, R ; Bhala, N ; Bhandari, D ; Bhardwaj, P ; Bhat, AG ; Bhattacharyya, K ; Bhattarai, S ; Bhutta, ZA ; Bibi, S ; Biehl, MH ; Bijani, A ; Bikbov, B ; Bilano, V ; Bin Sayeed, MS ; Biondi, A ; Birihane, BM ; Bisanzio, D ; Bisignano, C ; Biswas, RK ; Bitew, H ; Bjorge, T ; Bockarie, MJ ; Bohlouli, S ; Bohluli, M ; Bojia, HA ; Bolla, SR ; Boloor, A ; Boon-Dooley, AS ; Borges, G ; Borzi, AM ; Borzouei, S ; Bose, D ; Bosetti, C ; Boufous, S ; Bourne, R ; Brady, OJ ; Braithwaite, D ; Brauer, M ; Brayne, C ; Breitborde, NJK ; Breitner, S ; Brenner, H ; Breusov, AV ; Briant, PS ; Briggs, AM ; Briko, AN ; Briko, NI ; Britton, GB ; Brugha, T ; Bryazka, D ; Buchbinder, R ; Bumgarner, BR ; Burkart, K ; Burnett, RT ; Nagaraja, SB ; Busse, R ; Butt, ZA ; Caetano dos Santos, FL ; Cahill, LE ; Cahuana-Hurtado, L ; Cai, T ; Callender, CSKH ; Camera, LA ; Campos-Nonato, IR ; Rincon, JCC ; Cao, J ; Car, J ; Cardenas, R ; Carreras, G ; Carrero, JJ ; Carvalho, F ; Castaldelli-Maia, JM ; Castaneda-Orjuela, CA ; Castelpietra, G ; Castle, CD ; Castro, E ; Castro, F ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Causey, K ; Cederroth, CR ; Cercy, KM ; Cerin, E ; Chalek, J ; Chandan, JS ; Chang, AR ; Chang, AY ; Chang, J-C ; Chang, K-L ; Charan, J ; Charlson, FJ ; Chattu, VK ; Chaturvedi, S ; Cherbuin, N ; Chimed-Ochir, O ; Chin, KL ; Chirinos-Caceres, JL ; Cho, DY ; Choi, J-YJ ; Christensen, H ; Chu, D-T ; Chung, MT ; Chung, S-C ; Cicuttini, FM ; Ciobanu, LG ; Cirillo, M ; Cislaghi, B ; Classen, TKD ; Cohen, AJ ; Collins, EL ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Conti, S ; Cooper, OR ; Corso, B ; Cortesi, PA ; Costa, VM ; Cousin, E ; Cowden, RG ; Cowie, BC ; Cromwell, EA ; Croneberger, AJ ; Cross, DH ; Cross, M ; Crowe, CS ; Cruz, JA ; Cummins, S ; Cunningham, M ; Dahlawi, SMA ; Dai, H ; Dai, H ; Damasceno, AAM ; Damiani, G ; D'Amico, E ; Dandona, L ; Dandona, R ; Daneshpajouhnejad, P ; Dangel, WJ ; Danielsson, A-K ; Gela, JD ; Dargan, PI ; Darwesh, AM ; Daryani, A ; Das, JK ; Das Gupta, R ; Das Neves, J ; Dash, AP ; Davey, G ; Davila-Cervantes, CA ; Davis, AC ; Davitoiu, DV ; Davletov, K ; De Leo, D ; De Neve, J-W ; Dean, FE ; DeCleene, NK ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; DeLang, M ; Dellavalle, RP ; Demeke, FM ; Demoz, GT ; Demsie, DG ; Denova-Gutierrez, E ; Dereje, ND ; Deribe, K ; Dervenis, N ; Desai, R ; Desalew, A ; Dessie, GA ; Deuba, K ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Dhungana, GP ; Dianatinasab, M ; da Silva, DD ; Diaz, D ; Forooshani, ZSD ; Dichgans, M ; Didarloo, A ; Dingels, ZV ; Dippenaar, IN ; Dirac, MA ; Djalalinia, S ; Do, HT ; Dokova, K ; Doku, DT ; Dolecek, C ; Dolgert, AJ ; Dorostkar, F ; Doshi, CP ; Doshi, PP ; Doshmangir, L ; Douiri, A ; Doxey, MC ; Doyle, KE ; Driscoll, TR ; Dubljanin, E ; Dunachie, SJ ; Duncan, BB ; Duraes, AR ; Eagan, AW ; Ebrahimi, H ; Kalan, ME ; Edvardsson, D ; Effiong, A ; Ehrlich, JR ; El Nahas, N ; El Sayed, I ; Zaki, MES ; El Tantawi, M ; Elbarazi, I ; Elgendy, IY ; Elhabashy, HR ; El-Jaafary, SI ; Elsharkawy, A ; Elyazar, IRF ; Emamian, MH ; Emmons-Bell, S ; Erskine, HE ; Eshrati, B ; Eskandari, K ; Eskandarieh, S ; Esmaeilnejad, S ; Esmaeilzadeh, F ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Estep, K ; Etemadi, A ; Etisso, AE ; Ezekannagha, O ; Fanzo, J ; Farag, T ; Farahmand, M ; Faraj, A ; Faraon, EJA ; Fareed, M ; Faridnia, R ; Farinha, CSES ; Farioli, A ; Faris, PS ; Faro, A ; Faruque, M ; Farzadfar, F ; Fattahi, N ; Fazaeli, AA ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Feigin, VL ; Feldman, R ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrara, P ; Ferrari, AJ ; Ferreira, ML ; Feyissa, GT ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Fisher, JL ; Fitzgerald, R ; Flohr, C ; Flor, LS ; Foigt, NA ; Folayan, MO ; Fomenkov, AA ; Force, LM ; Fornari, C ; Foroutan, M ; Fox, JT ; Francis, JM ; Frank, TD ; Franklin, RC ; Freitas, M ; Fu, W ; Fukumoto, T ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, JE ; Fullman, N ; Furtado, JM ; Gad, MM ; Gaidhane, AM ; Gakidou, E ; Galles, NC ; Gallus, S ; Gamkrelidze, A ; Garcia-Basteiro, AL ; Gardner, WM ; Geberemariyam, BS ; Gebrehiwot, AM ; Gebremedhin, KB ; Gebremeskel, GG ; Gebremeskel, LG ; Gebresillassie, BM ; Gebreslassie, AAAA ; Geramo, YCD ; Geremew, A ; Hayoon, AG ; Gesesew, HA ; Gething, PW ; Gezae, KE ; Ghadimi, M ; Ghadiri, K ; Ghaffarifar, F ; Ghafourifard, M ; Ghajar, A ; Ghamari, F ; Ghashghaee, A ; Ghiasvand, H ; Ghith, N ; Gholamian, A ; Ghosh, R ; Giampaoli, S ; Gilani, SA ; Gill, PS ; Gill, TK ; Gillum, RF ; Ginawi, IA ; Ginindza, TG ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Giussani, G ; Glagn, M ; Glushkova, EV ; Gnedovskaya, EV ; Godinho, MA ; Goharinezhad, S ; Golechha, M ; Goli, S ; Gomez, RS ; Gona, PN ; Gopalani, SV ; Goren, E ; Gorini, G ; Gorman, TM ; Gottlich, HC ; Goudarzi, H ; Goudarzian, AH ; Goulart, AC ; Goulart, BNG ; Grada, A ; Greaves, F ; Grivna, M ; Grosso, G ; Gubari, MIM ; Gudi, N ; Gugnani, HC ; Guimaraes, ALS ; Guimaraes, RA ; Guled, RA ; Gultie, T ; Guo, G ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, R ; Sharan, S ; Gupta, T ; Haagsma, JA ; Hachinski, V ; Haddock, B ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Hafiz, A ; Hagins, H ; Haile, LM ; Haile, TG ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hall, BJ ; Halvaei, I ; Hamadeh, RR ; Abdullah, KH ; Hameed, S ; Hamidi, S ; Hamilton, EB ; Hammer, MS ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Handiso, DW ; Hanif, A ; Hankey, GJ ; Haririan, H ; Haro, JM ; Harvey, JD ; Hasaballah, AI ; Hasan, MM ; Hasanpoor, E ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Hashemian, M ; Hashi, A ; Hassan, A ; Hassan, S ; Hassanipour, S ; Hassankhani, H ; Havmoeller, RJ ; Hay, RJ ; Hay, SI ; Hayat, K ; Heibati, B ; Heidari, B ; Heidari, G ; Heidari-Soureshjani, R ; Hendrie, D ; Henny, K ; Henok, A ; Henrikson, HJ ; Henry, NJ ; Herbert, ME ; Herteliu, C ; Heydarpour, F ; Hird, TR ; Ho, HC ; Hoek, HW ; Hole, MK ; Holla, R ; Hollingsworth, B ; Hoogar, P ; Hopf, KP ; Horita, N ; Hosgood, HD ; Hossain, N ; Hosseini, M ; Hosseinzadeh, M ; Hostiuc, M ; Hostiuc, S ; Househ, M ; Hoy, DG ; Hsairi, M ; Hsiao, T ; Hsieh, VC-R ; Hu, G ; Hu, K ; Huda, TM ; Hugo, FN ; Humayun, A ; Hussain, R ; Huynh, CK ; Hwang, B-F ; Iannucci, VC ; Iavicoli, I ; Ibeneme, CU ; Ibitoye, SE ; Ikeda, N ; Ikuta, KS ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Ilic, IM ; Ilic, MD ; Imani-Nasab, MH ; Inbaraj, LR ; Ippolito, H ; Iqbal, U ; Irvani, SSN ; Irvine, CMS ; Islam, MM ; Islam, M ; Islam, SMS ; Islami, F ; Iso, H ; Ivers, RQ ; Iwu, CCD ; Iwu, CJ ; Iyamu, IO ; Jaafari, J ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jadidi-Niaragh, F ; Jafari, H ; Jafarinia, M ; Jahagirdar, D ; Jahani, MA ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jalali, A ; Jalilian, F ; James, SL ; Janjani, H ; Janodia, MD ; Javaheri, T ; Javidnia, J ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jeemon, P ; Jenabi, E ; Jha, RP ; Jha, V ; Ji, JS ; Jia, P ; Johansson, L ; John, O ; John-Akinola, YO ; Johnson, CO ; Johnson, SC ; Jonas, JB ; Joo, T ; Joshi, A ; Joukar, F ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Jurisson, M ; Kabir, A ; Kabir, Z ; Kalani, H ; Kalani, R ; Kalankesh, LR ; Kalhor, R ; Kamath, AM ; Kamiab, Z ; Kanchan, T ; Kapoor, N ; Matin, BK ; Karanikolos, M ; Karch, A ; Karim, MA ; Karimi, SE ; Karimi, SA ; Karimi, SM ; Kasa, AS ; Kassa, GM ; Kassebaum, NJ ; Katikireddi, SV ; Kawakami, N ; Kayode, GA ; 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Yousefi, B ; Yousefi, Z ; Yousefifard, M ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Yousuf, AY ; Yu, C ; Yu, Y ; Yuan, C-W ; Yuce, D ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Zadey, S ; Moghadam, TZ ; Zaidi, SS ; Zaki, L ; Zakzuk, J ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zamanian, M ; Zandian, H ; Zangeneh, A ; Zarafshan, H ; Zastrozhin, MS ; Zewdie, KA ; Zhang, J ; Zhang, Y ; Zhang, Z-J ; Zhao, JT ; Zhao, X-JG ; Zhao, Y ; Zheleva, B ; Zheng, P ; Zhou, M ; Zhu, C ; Ziapour, A ; Zimsen, SRM ; Zlavog, BS ; Zodpey, S ; Lim, SS ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020-10-17)
    The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
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    Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    Reiner, RC ; Wiens, KE ; Deshpande, A ; Baumann, MM ; Lindstedt, PA ; Blacker, BF ; Troeger, CE ; Earl, L ; Munro, SB ; Abate, D ; Abbastabar, H ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abdollahpour, I ; Abdulkader, RS ; Abebe, G ; Abegaz, KH ; Abreu, LG ; Abrigo, MRM ; Accrombessi, MMK ; Acharya, D ; Adabi, M ; Adebayo, OM ; Adedoyin, RA ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adetokunboh, OO ; Adham, D ; Adhena, BM ; Afarideh, M ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmadi, M ; Ahmed, AE ; Ahmed, MB ; Ahmed, R ; Ajumobi, O ; Akal, CG ; Akalu, TY ; Akanda, AS ; Alamene, GM ; Alanzi, TM ; Albright, JR ; Rabanal, JEA ; Alemnew, BT ; Alemu, ZA ; Ali, BA ; Ali, M ; Alijanzadeh, M ; Alipour, V ; Aljunid, SM ; Almasi, A ; Almasi-Hashiani, A ; Al-Mekhlafi, HM ; Altirkawi, K ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ ; Amare, AT ; Amini, S ; Amit, AML ; Andrei, CL ; Anegago, MT ; Anjomshoa, M ; Ansari, F ; Antonio, CAT ; Antriyandarti, E ; Appiah, SCY ; Arabloo, J ; Aremu, O ; Armoon, B ; Aryal, KK ; Arzani, A ; Asadi-Lari, M ; Ashagre, AF ; Atalay, HT ; 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Demis, AB ; Demoz, GT ; Denova-Gutierrez, E ; Deribe, K ; Desalew, A ; Dessie, GA ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Dhillon, P ; Dhimal, M ; Dhungana, GP ; Diaz, D ; Ding, EL ; Diro, HD ; Djalalinia, S ; Do, HP ; Doku, DT ; Dolecek, C ; Dubey, M ; Dubljanin, E ; Adema, BD ; Dunachie, SJ ; Duraes, AR ; Duraisamy, S ; Effiong, A ; Eftekhari, A ; El Sayed, I ; Zaki, MES ; El Tantawi, M ; Elemineh, DA ; El-Jaafary, SI ; Elkout, H ; Elsharkawy, A ; Enany, S ; Endalamaw, A ; Endalew, DA ; Eskandarieh, S ; Esteghamati, A ; Etemadi, A ; Farag, TH ; Faraon, EJA ; Fareed, M ; Faridnia, R ; Farioli, A ; Faro, A ; Farzam, H ; Fazaeli, AA ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Fentahun, N ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Foroutan, M ; Francis, JM ; Franklin, RC ; Frostad, JJ ; Fukumoto, T ; Gayesa, RT ; Gebremariam, KT ; Gebremedhin, KB ; Gebremeskel, GG ; Gedefaw, GA ; Geramo, YCD ; Geta, B ; Gezae, KE ; Ghashghaee, A ; Ghassemi, F ; Gill, PS ; Ginawi, IA ; Goli, S ; Gomes, NGM ; Gopalani, SV ; Goulart, BNG ; Grada, A ; Gugnani, HC ; Guido, D ; Guimaraes, RA ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, R ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Haile, MT ; Hailu, GB ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hall, BJ ; Handiso, DW ; Haririan, H ; Hariyani, N ; Hasaballah, AI ; Hasan, MM ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Hassankhani, H ; Hassen, HY ; Hayelom, DH ; Heidari, B ; Henry, NJ ; Herteliu, C ; Heydarpour, F ; de Hidru, HD ; Hoang, CL ; Hoogar, P ; Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, M ; Hossain, N ; Hosseini, M ; Hosseinzadeh, M ; Househ, M ; Hu, G ; Humayun, A ; Hussain, SA ; Ibitoye, SE ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Ilic, MD ; Inbaraj, LR ; Irvani, SSN ; Islam, SMS ; Iwu, CJ ; Jaca, A ; Balalami, NJ ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jalali, A ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jenabi, E ; Jha, RP ; Jha, V ; Ji, JS ; Jia, P ; Johnson, KB ; Jonas, JB ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Kabir, A ; Kabir, Z ; Kahsay, A ; Kalani, H ; Kanchan, T ; Matin, BK ; Karch, A ; Karki, S ; Kasaeian, A ; Kasahun, GG ; Kayode, GA ; Karyani, AK ; Keiyoro, PN ; Ketema, DB ; Khader, YS ; Khafaie, MA ; Khalid, N ; Khalil, AT ; Khalil, I ; Khalilov, R ; Khan, MN ; Khan, EA ; Khan, G ; Khan, J ; Khatab, K ; Khater, A ; Khater, MM ; Khatony, A ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Khazaei, M ; Khazaei, S ; Khodamoradi, E ; Khosravi, MH ; Khubchandani, J ; Kiadaliri, AA ; Kim, YJ ; Kimokoti, RW ; Kisa, A ; Kisa, S ; Kissoon, N ; Kondlahalli, SKM ; Kosek, MN ; Koyanagi, A ; Kraemer, MUG ; Krishan, K ; Kugbey, N ; Kumar, GA ; Kumar, M ; Kumar, P ; Kusuma, D ; La Vecchia, C ; Ben, L ; Lal, A ; Lal, DK ; Lami, FH ; Lansingh, VC ; Lasrado, S ; Lee, PH ; Leili, M ; Lenjebo, TL ; Levine, AJ ; Lewycka, S ; Li, S ; Linn, S ; Lodha, R ; Longbottom, J ; Lopukhov, PD ; Magdeldin, S ; Mahasha, PW ; Mahotra, NB ; Malta, DC ; Mamun, AA ; Manafi, F ; Manafi, N ; Manda, A-L ; Mansournia, MA ; Mapoma, CC ; Marami, D ; Marczak, LB ; Martins-Melo, FR ; Marz, W ; Masaka, A ; Mathur, MR ; Maulik, PK ; Mayala, BK ; McAlinden, C ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Mehrotra, R ; Mehta, KM ; Meles, GG ; Melese, A ; Memish, ZA ; Mena, AT ; Menezes, RG ; Mengesha, MM ; Mengistu, DT ; Mengistu, G ; Meretoja, TJ ; Miazgowski, B ; Mihretie, KMM ; Miller-Petrie, MK ; Mills, EJ ; Mir, SM ; Mirabi, P ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A ; Mohammad, DK ; Mohammad, KA ; Mohammad, Y ; Darwesh, AM ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadifard, N ; Mohammed, AS ; Mohammed, JA ; Mohammed, S ; Mohebi, F ; Mokdad, AH ; Moodley, Y ; Moradi, G ; Moradi, M ; Moradi-Joo, M ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Moraga, P ; Mosapour, A ; Mouodi, S ; Mousavi, SM ; Mozaffor, M ; Muluneh, AG ; Muriithi, MK ; Murray, CJL ; Murthy, GVS ; Musa, KI ; Mustafa, G ; Muthupandian, S ; Naderi, M ; Nagarajan, AJ ; Naghavi, M ; Najafi, F ; Nangia, V ; Nazari, J ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Ngunjiri, JW ; Nguyen, CT ; Nguyen, QP ; Nguyen, TH ; Nigatu, D ; Ningrum, DNA ; Nnaji, CA ; Nojomi, M ; Noubiap, JJ ; Oh, I-H ; Okpala, O ; Olagunju, AT ; Bali, AO ; Onwujekwe, OE ; Ortega-Altamirano, DDV ; Osarenotor, O ; Osei, FB ; Owolabi, MO ; Mahesh, PA ; Padubidri, JR ; Pana, A ; Pashaei, T ; Pati, S ; Patle, A ; Patton, GC ; Paulos, K ; Pepito, VCF ; Pereira, A ; Perico, N ; Pesudovs, K ; Pigott, DM ; Piroozi, B ; Platts-Mills, JA ; Poljak, M ; Postma, MJ ; Pourjafar, H ; Pourmalek, F ; Pourshams, A ; Poustchi, H ; Prada, SI ; Preotescu, L ; Quintana, H ; Rabiee, M ; Rabiee, N ; Radfar, A ; Rafiei, A ; Rahim, F ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rahman, MA ; Rajati, F ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Rana, SM ; Ranabhat, CL ; Rasella, D ; Rawaf, DL ; Rawal, SRL ; Remuzzi, G ; Renjith, V ; Renzaho, AMN ; Reta, MA ; Rezaei, S ; Ribeiro, AI ; Rickard, J ; Gonzalez, CMR ; Rios-Blancas, MJ ; Roever, L ; Ronfani, L ; Roro, EM ; Rostami, A ; Rothenbacher, D ; Rubagotti, E ; Rubino, S ; Saad, AM ; Sabour, S ; Sadeghi, E ; Safari, S ; Safdarian, M ; Sagar, R ; Sahraian, MA ; Sajadi, SM ; Salahshoor, MR ; Salam, N ; Salehi, F ; Zahabi, SS ; Salem, H ; Salem, MRR ; Salimi, Y ; Salimzadeh, H ; Sambala, EZ ; Samy, AM ; Sanabria, J ; Santos, IS ; Saraswathy, SYI ; Sarker, AR ; Sartorius, B ; Sathian, B ; Satpathy, M ; Sbarra, AN ; Schaeffer, LE ; Schwebel, DC ; Senbeta, AM ; Senthilkumaran, S ; Shabaninejad, H ; Shaheen, AA ; Shaikh, MA ; Shalash, AS ; Shallo, SA ; Shams-Beyranvand, M ; Shamsi, M ; Shamsizadeh, M ; Sharif, M ; Shey, MS ; Shibuya, K ; Shiferaw, WS ; Shigematsu, M ; Shil, A ; Il Shin, J ; Shiri, R ; Shirkoohi, R ; Siabani, SSS ; Singh, JA ; Singh, NP ; Sinha, DN ; Sisay, MM ; Skiadaresi, E ; Smith, DL ; Sobhiyeh, MR ; Sokhan, A ; Soofi, M ; Soriano, JB ; Sorrie, MB ; Soyiri, IN ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Sudaryanto, A ; Sufiyan, MB ; Suleria, HAR ; Sykes, BL ; Tamirat, KS ; Tassew, AA ; Taveira, N ; Taye, B ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Temsah, M-H ; Tesfay, BE ; Tesfay, FH ; Tessema, ZT ; Thankappan, KR ; Thirunavukkarasu, S ; Thomas, N ; Tlaye, KG ; Tlou, B ; Tovani-Palone, MR ; Traini, E ; Tran, KB ; Trihandini, I ; Ullah, I ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Tahbaz, SV ; Valdez, PR ; Varughese, S ; Veisani, Y ; Violante, FS ; Vollmer, S ; Vos, T ; Wada, FW ; Waheed, Y ; Wang, Y ; Wang, Y-P ; Weldesamuel, GT ; Welgan, CA ; Westerman, R ; Wiangkham, T ; Wijeratne, T ; Wiysonge, CS ; Wolde, HF ; Wondafrash, DZ ; Wonde, TE ; Wu, A-M ; Xu, G ; Yadollahpour, A ; Jabbari, SHY ; Yamada, T ; Yaseri, M ; Yenesew, MA ; Yeshaneh, A ; Yilma, MT ; Yimer, EM ; Yip, P ; Yirsaw, BD ; Yisma, E ; Yonemoto, N ; Younis, MZ ; Yousof, H-ASA ; Yu, C ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Zamani, M ; Zambrana-Torrelio, C ; Zandian, H ; Zeleke, AJ ; Zepro, NB ; Zewale, TA ; Zhang, D ; Zhang, Y ; Zhao, X-J ; Ziapour, A ; Zodpey, S ; Hay, SI (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020-06-06)
    BACKGROUND: Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. METHODS: We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. FINDINGS: The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. INTERPRETATION: By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    Haagsma, JA ; James, SL ; Castle, CD ; Dingels, Z ; Fox, JT ; Hamilton, EB ; Liu, Z ; Lucchesi, LR ; Roberts, NLS ; Sylte, DO ; Adebayo, OM ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmed, MB ; Aichour, MTE ; Alahdab, F ; Alghnam, SA ; Aljunid, SM ; Al-Raddadi, RM ; Alsharif, U ; Altirkawi, K ; Anjomshoa, M ; Antonio, CAT ; Appiah, SCY ; Aremu, O ; Arora, A ; Asayesh, H ; Assadi, R ; Awasthi, A ; Ayala Quintanilla, BP ; Balalla, S ; Banstola, A ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Baernighausen, TW ; Bazargan-Hejazi, S ; Bedi, N ; Behzadifar, M ; Behzadifar, M ; Benjet, C ; Bennett, DA ; Bensenor, IM ; Bhaumik, S ; Bhutta, ZA ; Bijani, A ; Borges, G ; Borschmann, R ; Bose, D ; Boufous, S ; Brazinova, A ; Rincon, JCC ; Cardenas, R ; Carrero, JJ ; Carvalho, F ; Castaneda-Orjuela, CA ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Choi, J-YJ ; Christopher, DJ ; Crowe, CS ; Dalal, K ; Daryani, A ; Davitoiu, DV ; Degenhardt, L ; De Leo, D ; De Neve, J-W ; Deribe, K ; Dessie, GA ; deVeber, GA ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Linh, PD ; Dolan, KA ; Driscoll, TR ; Dubey, M ; El-Khatib, Z ; Ellingsen, CL ; Zaki, MES ; Endries, AY ; Eskandarieh, S ; Faro, A ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Franklin, RC ; Fukumoto, T ; Gezae, KE ; Gill, TK ; Goulart, AC ; Grada, A ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Bidgoli, HH ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hamadeh, RR ; Hamidi, S ; Maria Haro, J ; Hassankhani, H ; Hassen, HY ; Havmoeller, R ; Hendrie, D ; Henok, A ; Hijar, M ; Hole, MK ; Rad, EH ; Hossain, N ; Hostiuc, S ; Hu, G ; Igumbor, EU ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Irvani, SSN ; Islam, SMS ; Ivers, RQ ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jha, RP ; Jonas, JB ; Shushtari, ZJ ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Jurisson, M ; Kabir, A ; Kalani, R ; Kasaeian, A ; Kelbore, AG ; Kengne, AP ; Khader, YS ; Khafaie, MA ; Khalid, N ; Khan, EA ; Khoja, AT ; Kiadaliri, AA ; Kim, Y-E ; Kim, D ; Kisa, A ; Koyanagi, A ; Defo, BK ; Bicer, BK ; Kumar, M ; Lalloo, R ; Lam, H ; Lami, FH ; Lansingh, VC ; Leasher, JL ; Li, S ; Linn, S ; Lunevicius, R ; Machado, FR ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Mahotra, NB ; Majdan, M ; Majeed, A ; Malekzadeh, R ; Malik, MA ; Malta, DC ; Manda, A-L ; Mansournia, MA ; Massenburg, BB ; Maulik, PK ; Meheretu, HAA ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Melese, A ; Mendoza, W ; Mengesha, MM ; Meretoja, TJ ; Meretoja, A ; Mestrovic, T ; Miazgowski, T ; Miller, TR ; Mini, GK ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Moazen, B ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadibakhsh, R ; Mohammed, S ; Molokhia, M ; Monasta, L ; Mondello, S ; Montero-Zamora, PA ; Moodley, Y ; Moosazadeh, M ; Moradi, G ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Morawska, L ; Moreno Velasquez, I ; Morrison, SD ; Moschos, MM ; Mousavi, SM ; Murthy, S ; Musa, KI ; Naik, G ; Najafi, F ; Nangia, V ; Nascimento, BR ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Trang, HN ; Son, HN ; Long, HN ; Huong, LTN ; Ningrum, DNA ; Nirayo, YL ; Ofori-Asenso, R ; Ogbo, FA ; Oh, I-H ; Oladimeji, O ; Olagunju, AT ; Olagunju, TO ; Olivares, PR ; Orpana, HM ; Otstavnov, SS ; Mahesh, PA ; Pakhale, S ; Park, E-K ; Patton, GC ; Pesudovs, K ; Phillips, MR ; Polinder, S ; Prakash, S ; Radfar, A ; Rafay, A ; Rafiei, A ; Rahimi, S ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rahman, MA ; Rai, RK ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Rawaf, S ; Rawaf, DL ; Renzaho, AMN ; Resnikoff, S ; Rezaeian, S ; Roever, L ; Ronfani, L ; Roshandel, G ; Sabde, YD ; Saddik, B ; Salamati, P ; Salimi, Y ; Salz, I ; Samy, AM ; Sanabria, J ; Riera, LS ; Milicevic, MMS ; Satpathy, M ; Sawhney, M ; Sawyer, SM ; Saxena, S ; Saylan, M ; Schneider, IJC ; Schwebel, DC ; Seedat, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Shaikh, MA ; Shams-Beyranvand, M ; Shamsizadeh, M ; Sharif-Alhoseini, M ; Sheikh, A ; Shen, J ; Shigematsu, M ; Shiri, R ; Shiue, I ; Silva, JP ; Singh, JA ; Sinha, DN ; Soares Filho, AM ; Soriano, JB ; Soshnikov, S ; Soyiri, IN ; Starodubov, V ; Stein, DJ ; Stokes, MA ; Sufiyan, MB ; Sunshine, JE ; Sykes, BL ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Tessema, GA ; Thakur, JS ; Khanh, BT ; Bach, XT ; Car, LT ; Uthman, OA ; Uzochukwu, BSC ; Valdez, PR ; Varavikova, E ; Nogales Vasconcelos, AM ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, V ; Waheed, Y ; Wang, Y-P ; Wijeratne, T ; Winkler, AS ; Yadav, P ; Yano, Y ; Yenesew, MA ; Yip, P ; Yisma, E ; Yonemoto, N ; Younis, MZ ; Yu, C ; Zafar, S ; Zaidi, Z ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zhao, Y ; Zodpey, S ; Hay, S ; Lopez, AD ; Mokdad, AH ; Vos, T (BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, 2020-10)
    BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. METHODS: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. RESULTS: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.