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    Carotid artery stenosis and inflammatory biomarkers: the role of inflammation-induced immunological responses affecting the vascular systems
    Wijeratne, T ; Menon, R ; Sales, C ; Karimi, L ; Crewther, S (AME PUBLISHING COMPANY, 2020-10)
    The death, disability and economic cost of stroke are enormous. Indeed, among the 16 million people worldwide who suffer a stroke' annually, nearly six million die, and another five million are left permanently disabled making prevention of stroke one of the most important priorities in healthcare. Currently carotid artery stenosis (CS) or narrowing of the common carotid artery (CCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA) due to atherosclerotic plaque, accounts for 20-30% of all ischemic strokes. Atherosclerosis is now regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease in response to vascular compromise especially from hypertension. This has long been known to lead to inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in the blood vessels. This mini-review aims to highlight the role of inflammation and neuro-immunological processes in carotid artery disease. Various cellular elements of inflammation and advanced imaging techniques have been identified as potential markers of plaque progression. Therapies related to decreasing and modulating immune-responsive inflammation in the carotid vessels have been shown to translate into decreased occurrence of acute neurologic events and improvement of clinical outcomes.
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    World Brain Day 2019; migraine - the painful truth
    Wijeratne, T ; Dodick, D ; Grisold, W ; Carroll, W (WILEY, 2019-11)
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    Effects of early motivational interviewing on post-stroke depressive symptoms: A pilot randomized study of the Good Mood Intervention program
    Kerr, D ; McCann, T ; Mackey, E ; Wijeratne, T (WILEY, 2018-08)
    AIMS: The aim of this pilot randomized study was to investigate the feasibility of early motivational interviewing, for reducing mood after acute stroke. BACKGROUND: Depression is a frequent consequence of stroke that can adversely affect recovery. METHODS: DESIGN: Pilot randomized study. Intervention group patients received 3, individual motivational interviewing sessions by nurses or social workers prior to hospital discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with acute stroke during 2013 to 2014. BLINDING: Research assistant who collected data was blind to group assignment. OUTCOMES: Data were collected at 3 time points: baseline, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up. Outcome measures (anxiety, depression, quality of life) were analysed by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled, and 79% retention was achieved at 3 months. Eight participants withdrew (16.7%), and 2 were unable to participate (death: 2.1% and new onset aphasia: 2.1%), leaving 38 participants in the final cohort (Intervention: N = 18, Control: N = 20). Anxiety, depression, and quality of life measures did not alter significantly in the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Carefully designed studies are required to investigate the effectiveness of early motivational interviewing for improving mood after stroke. The therapy can be administered by nurses, but significant resources are required in terms of training and fidelity.
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    Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Abbafati, C ; Abbas, KM ; Abbasi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abdollahi, M ; Abdollahpour, I ; Abedi, A ; Abedi, P ; Abegaz, KH ; Abolhassani, H ; Abosetugn, AE ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, EM ; Abreu, LG ; Abrigo, MRM ; Abu Haimed, AK ; Abualhasan, A ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Abu-Raddad, LJ ; Abushouk, AI ; Acebedo, A ; Ackerman, IN ; Adabi, M ; Adair, T ; Adamu, AA ; Adebayo, OM ; Adedeji, IA ; Adekanmbi, V ; Adelson, JD ; Adeoye, AM ; Adetokunboh, OO ; Adham, D ; Advani, SM ; Afarideh, M ; Afshari, M ; Afshin, A ; Agardh, EE ; Agarwal, G ; Agasthi, P ; Agesa, KM ; Aghaali, M ; Aghamir, SMK ; Agrawal, A ; Ahmad, T ; Ahmadi, A ; Ahmadi, K ; Ahmadi, M ; Ahmadieh, H ; Ahmadpour, E ; Ahmed, MB ; Aji, B ; Akalu, TY ; Akinyemi, RO ; Akinyemiju, T ; Akombi, B ; Akunna, CJ ; Alahdab, F ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, K ; Alam, N ; Alam, S ; Alam, T ; Alanezi, FM ; Alanzi, TM ; Albertson, SB ; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE ; Alema, NM ; Alemu, BW ; Alemu, YM ; Alhabib, KF ; Alhassan, RK ; Ali, M ; Ali, S ; Alicandro, G ; Alijanzadeh, M ; Alinia, C ; Alipour, V ; Alizade, H ; Aljunid, SM ; Alla, F ; Allebeck, P ; Almadi, MAH ; Almasi, A ; Almasi-Hashiani, A ; Almasri, NA ; Al-Mekhlafi, HM ; Almulhim, AM ; Alonso, J ; Al-Raddadi, RM ; Altirkawi, KA ; Alumran, AK ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ ; Amare, AT ; Amare, B ; Amini, S ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Aminorroaya, A ; Amiri, F ; Amit, AML ; Amugsi, DA ; Amul, GGH ; Anbesu, EW ; Ancuceanu, R ; Anderlini, D ; Anderson, JA ; Andrei, CL ; Andrei, T ; Androudi, S ; Angus, C ; Anjomshoa, M ; Ansari, F ; Ansari, I ; Ansari-Moghaddam, A ; Antonazzo, IC ; Antonio, CAT ; Antony, CM ; Antriyandarti, E ; Anvari, D ; Anwer, R ; Appiah, SCY ; Arabloo, J ; Arab-Zozani, M ; Aravkin, AY ; Arba, AAK ; Aremu, O ; Ariani, F ; Aripov, T ; Armoon, B ; Arnlov, J ; Arowosegbe, OO ; Aryal, KK ; Arzani, A ; Asaad, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Asadi-Pooya, AA ; Asgari, S ; Asghari, B ; Jafarabadi, MA ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Atafar, Z ; Athari, SS ; Atnafu, DD ; Atout, MMW ; Atre, SR ; Atteraya, MS ; Ausloos, F ; Ausloos, M ; Avila-Burgos, L ; Avokpaho, EFGA ; Quintanilla, BPA ; Ayano, G ; Ayanore, MA ; Aynalem, GL ; Aynalem, YA ; Ayza, MA ; Azari, S ; Azarian, G ; Azene, ZN ; Azhar, G ; Azzopardi, PS ; Darshan, BB ; Babaee, E ; Badawi, A ; Badiye, AD ; Bagherzadeh, M ; Bagli, E ; Bahrami, MA ; Baig, AA ; Bairwa, M ; Bakhshaei, MH ; Bakhtiari, A ; Bakkannavar, SM ; Balachandran, A ; Balakrishnan, S ; Balalla, S ; Balassyano, S ; Baldasseroni, A ; Ball, K ; Ballew, SH ; Balzi, D ; Banach, M ; Banerjee, SK ; Banik, PC ; Bannick, MS ; Bante, AB ; Bante, SA ; Baraki, AG ; Barboza, MA ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Barnighausen, TW ; Barrero, LH ; Barthelemy, CM ; Barua, L ; Barzegar, A ; Basaleem, H ; Bassat, Q ; Basu, S ; Baune, BT ; Bayati, M ; Baye, BA ; Bazmandegan, G ; Becker, JS ; Bedi, N ; Beghi, E ; Behzadifar, M ; Bejot, Y ; Bekuma, TTT ; Bell, ML ; Bello, AK ; Bender, RG ; Bennett, DA ; Bennitt, FB ; Bensenor, IM ; Benziger, CP ; Berhe, K ; Berman, AE ; Bernabe, E ; Bernstein, RS ; Bertolacci, GJ ; Bhagavathula, AS ; Bhageerathy, R ; Bhala, N ; Bhandari, D ; Bhardwaj, P ; Bhat, AG ; Bhattacharyya, K ; Bhattarai, S ; Bhutta, ZA ; Bibi, S ; Biehl, MH ; Bijani, A ; Bikbov, B ; Bilano, V ; Bin Sayeed, MS ; Biondi, A ; Birihane, BM ; Bisanzio, D ; Bisignano, C ; Biswas, RK ; Bitew, H ; Bjorge, T ; Bockarie, MJ ; Bohlouli, S ; Bohluli, M ; Bojia, HA ; Bolla, SR ; Boloor, A ; Boon-Dooley, AS ; Borges, G ; Borzi, AM ; Borzouei, S ; Bose, D ; Bosetti, C ; Boufous, S ; Bourne, R ; Brady, OJ ; Braithwaite, D ; Brauer, M ; Brayne, C ; Breitborde, NJK ; Breitner, S ; Brenner, H ; Breusov, AV ; Briant, PS ; Briggs, AM ; Briko, AN ; Briko, NI ; Britton, GB ; Brugha, T ; Bryazka, D ; Buchbinder, R ; Bumgarner, BR ; Burkart, K ; Burnett, RT ; Nagaraja, SB ; Busse, R ; Butt, ZA ; Caetano dos Santos, FL ; Cahill, LE ; Cahuana-Hurtado, L ; Cai, T ; Callender, CSKH ; Camera, LA ; Campos-Nonato, IR ; Rincon, JCC ; Cao, J ; Car, J ; Cardenas, R ; Carreras, G ; Carrero, JJ ; Carvalho, F ; Castaldelli-Maia, JM ; Castaneda-Orjuela, CA ; Castelpietra, G ; Castle, CD ; Castro, E ; Castro, F ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Causey, K ; Cederroth, CR ; Cercy, KM ; Cerin, E ; Chalek, J ; Chandan, JS ; Chang, AR ; Chang, AY ; Chang, J-C ; Chang, K-L ; Charan, J ; Charlson, FJ ; Chattu, VK ; Chaturvedi, S ; Cherbuin, N ; Chimed-Ochir, O ; Chin, KL ; Chirinos-Caceres, JL ; Cho, DY ; Choi, J-YJ ; Christensen, H ; Chu, D-T ; Chung, MT ; Chung, S-C ; Cicuttini, FM ; Ciobanu, LG ; Cirillo, M ; Cislaghi, B ; Classen, TKD ; Cohen, AJ ; Collins, EL ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Conti, S ; Cooper, OR ; Corso, B ; Cortesi, PA ; Costa, VM ; Cousin, E ; Cowden, RG ; Cowie, BC ; Cromwell, EA ; Croneberger, AJ ; Cross, DH ; Cross, M ; Crowe, CS ; Cruz, JA ; Cummins, S ; Cunningham, M ; Dahlawi, SMA ; Dai, H ; Dai, H ; Damasceno, AAM ; Damiani, G ; D'Amico, E ; Dandona, L ; Dandona, R ; Daneshpajouhnejad, P ; Dangel, WJ ; Danielsson, A-K ; Gela, JD ; Dargan, PI ; Darwesh, AM ; Daryani, A ; Das, JK ; Das Gupta, R ; Das Neves, J ; Dash, AP ; Davey, G ; Davila-Cervantes, CA ; Davis, AC ; Davitoiu, DV ; Davletov, K ; De Leo, D ; De Neve, J-W ; Dean, FE ; DeCleene, NK ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; DeLang, M ; Dellavalle, RP ; Demeke, FM ; Demoz, GT ; Demsie, DG ; Denova-Gutierrez, E ; Dereje, ND ; Deribe, K ; Dervenis, N ; Desai, R ; Desalew, A ; Dessie, GA ; Deuba, K ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Dhungana, GP ; Dianatinasab, M ; da Silva, DD ; Diaz, D ; Forooshani, ZSD ; Dichgans, M ; Didarloo, A ; Dingels, ZV ; Dippenaar, IN ; Dirac, MA ; Djalalinia, S ; Do, HT ; Dokova, K ; Doku, DT ; Dolecek, C ; Dolgert, AJ ; Dorostkar, F ; Doshi, CP ; Doshi, PP ; Doshmangir, L ; Douiri, A ; Doxey, MC ; Doyle, KE ; Driscoll, TR ; Dubljanin, E ; Dunachie, SJ ; Duncan, BB ; Duraes, AR ; Eagan, AW ; Ebrahimi, H ; Kalan, ME ; Edvardsson, D ; Effiong, A ; Ehrlich, JR ; El Nahas, N ; El Sayed, I ; Zaki, MES ; El Tantawi, M ; Elbarazi, I ; Elgendy, IY ; Elhabashy, HR ; El-Jaafary, SI ; Elsharkawy, A ; Elyazar, IRF ; Emamian, MH ; Emmons-Bell, S ; Erskine, HE ; Eshrati, B ; Eskandari, K ; Eskandarieh, S ; Esmaeilnejad, S ; Esmaeilzadeh, F ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Estep, K ; Etemadi, A ; Etisso, AE ; Ezekannagha, O ; Fanzo, J ; Farag, T ; Farahmand, M ; Faraj, A ; Faraon, EJA ; Fareed, M ; Faridnia, R ; Farinha, CSES ; Farioli, A ; Faris, PS ; Faro, A ; Faruque, M ; Farzadfar, F ; Fattahi, N ; Fazaeli, AA ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Feigin, VL ; Feldman, R ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, E ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrara, P ; Ferrari, AJ ; Ferreira, ML ; Feyissa, GT ; Filip, I ; Fischer, F ; Fisher, JL ; Fitzgerald, R ; Flohr, C ; Flor, LS ; Foigt, NA ; Folayan, MO ; Fomenkov, AA ; Force, LM ; Fornari, C ; Foroutan, M ; Fox, JT ; Francis, JM ; Frank, TD ; Franklin, RC ; Freitas, M ; Fu, W ; Fukumoto, T ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, JE ; Fullman, N ; Furtado, JM ; Gad, MM ; Gaidhane, AM ; Gakidou, E ; Galles, NC ; Gallus, S ; Gamkrelidze, A ; Garcia-Basteiro, AL ; Gardner, WM ; Geberemariyam, BS ; Gebrehiwot, AM ; Gebremedhin, KB ; Gebremeskel, GG ; Gebremeskel, LG ; Gebresillassie, BM ; Gebreslassie, AAAA ; Geramo, YCD ; Geremew, A ; Hayoon, AG ; Gesesew, HA ; Gething, PW ; Gezae, KE ; Ghadimi, M ; Ghadiri, K ; Ghaffarifar, F ; Ghafourifard, M ; Ghajar, A ; Ghamari, F ; Ghashghaee, A ; Ghiasvand, H ; Ghith, N ; Gholamian, A ; Ghosh, R ; Giampaoli, S ; Gilani, SA ; Gill, PS ; Gill, TK ; Gillum, RF ; Ginawi, IA ; Ginindza, TG ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Giussani, G ; Glagn, M ; Glushkova, EV ; Gnedovskaya, EV ; Godinho, MA ; Goharinezhad, S ; Golechha, M ; Goli, S ; Gomez, RS ; Gona, PN ; Gopalani, SV ; Goren, E ; Gorini, G ; Gorman, TM ; Gottlich, HC ; Goudarzi, H ; Goudarzian, AH ; Goulart, AC ; Goulart, BNG ; Grada, A ; Greaves, F ; Grivna, M ; Grosso, G ; Gubari, MIM ; Gudi, N ; Gugnani, HC ; Guimaraes, ALS ; Guimaraes, RA ; Guled, RA ; Gultie, T ; Guo, G ; Guo, Y ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, R ; Sharan, S ; Gupta, T ; Haagsma, JA ; Hachinski, V ; Haddock, B ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Hafiz, A ; Hagins, H ; Haile, LM ; Haile, TG ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Hall, BJ ; Halvaei, I ; Hamadeh, RR ; Abdullah, KH ; Hameed, S ; Hamidi, S ; Hamilton, EB ; Hammer, MS ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Handiso, DW ; Hanif, A ; Hankey, GJ ; Haririan, H ; Haro, JM ; Harvey, JD ; Hasaballah, AI ; Hasan, MM ; Hasanpoor, E ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Hashemian, M ; Hashi, A ; Hassan, A ; Hassan, S ; Hassanipour, S ; Hassankhani, H ; Havmoeller, RJ ; Hay, RJ ; Hay, SI ; Hayat, K ; Heibati, B ; Heidari, B ; Heidari, G ; Heidari-Soureshjani, R ; Hendrie, D ; Henny, K ; Henok, A ; Henrikson, HJ ; Henry, NJ ; Herbert, ME ; Herteliu, C ; Heydarpour, F ; Hird, TR ; Ho, HC ; Hoek, HW ; Hole, MK ; Holla, R ; Hollingsworth, B ; Hoogar, P ; Hopf, KP ; Horita, N ; Hosgood, HD ; Hossain, N ; Hosseini, M ; Hosseinzadeh, M ; Hostiuc, M ; Hostiuc, S ; Househ, M ; Hoy, DG ; Hsairi, M ; Hsiao, T ; Hsieh, VC-R ; Hu, G ; Hu, K ; Huda, TM ; Hugo, FN ; Humayun, A ; Hussain, R ; Huynh, CK ; Hwang, B-F ; Iannucci, VC ; Iavicoli, I ; Ibeneme, CU ; Ibitoye, SE ; Ikeda, N ; Ikuta, KS ; Ilesanmi, OS ; Ilic, IM ; Ilic, MD ; Imani-Nasab, MH ; Inbaraj, LR ; Ippolito, H ; Iqbal, U ; Irvani, SSN ; Irvine, CMS ; Islam, MM ; Islam, M ; Islam, SMS ; Islami, F ; Iso, H ; Ivers, RQ ; Iwu, CCD ; Iwu, CJ ; Iyamu, IO ; Jaafari, J ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jadidi-Niaragh, F ; Jafari, H ; Jafarinia, M ; Jahagirdar, D ; Jahani, MA ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, M ; Jalali, A ; Jalilian, F ; James, SL ; Janjani, H ; Janodia, MD ; Javaheri, T ; Javidnia, J ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jeemon, P ; Jenabi, E ; Jha, RP ; Jha, V ; Ji, JS ; Jia, P ; Johansson, L ; John, O ; John-Akinola, YO ; Johnson, CO ; Johnson, SC ; Jonas, JB ; Joo, T ; Joshi, A ; Joukar, F ; Jozwiak, JJ ; Jurisson, M ; Kabir, A ; Kabir, Z ; Kalani, H ; Kalani, R ; Kalankesh, LR ; Kalhor, R ; Kamath, AM ; Kamiab, Z ; Kanchan, T ; Kapoor, N ; Matin, BK ; Karanikolos, M ; Karch, A ; Karim, MA ; Karimi, SE ; Karimi, SA ; Karimi, SM ; Kasa, AS ; Kassa, GM ; Kassebaum, NJ ; Katikireddi, SV ; Kawakami, N ; Kayode, GA ; Karyani, AK ; Keddie, SH ; Keiyoro, PN ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, PJ ; Kereselidze, M ; Khader, YS ; Khafaie, MA ; Khalid, N ; Khammarnia, M ; Khan, EA ; Khan, G ; Khan, M ; Khang, Y-H ; Khatab, K ; Khater, AM ; Khater, MM ; Khatib, MN ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Khazaei, S ; Khazaie, H ; Khodayari, MT ; Khoja, AT ; Khubchandani, J ; Khundkar, R ; Kianipour, N ; Kieling, C ; Kim, C-I ; Kim, D ; Kim, Y-E ; Kim, YJ ; Kimokoti, RW ; Kinfu, Y ; Kisa, A ; Kisa, S ; Kissimova-Skarbek, K ; Kissoon, N ; Kivimaki, M ; Kneib, CJ ; Knibbs, LD ; Knight, M ; Knudsen, AKS ; Kocarnik, JM ; Kochhar, S ; Koh, DSQ ; Kohler, S ; Kolola, T ; Komaki, H ; Kopec, JA ; Korotkova, AV ; Korshunov, VA ; Kosen, S ; Kotlo, A ; Koul, PA ; Koyanagi, A ; Kraemer, MUG ; Kravchenko, MA ; Krishan, K ; Krohn, KJ ; Kromhout, H ; Shaji, KS ; Defo, BK ; Bicer, BK ; Kugbey, N ; Kulkarni, V ; Kumar, GA ; Kumar, M ; Kumar, N ; Kumar, P ; Kumar, V ; Kumaresh, G ; Kurmi, OP ; Kusuma, D ; Kyu, HH ; La Vecchia, C ; Ben, L ; Lal, DK ; Lalloo, R ; Lallukka, T ; Lam, JO ; Lami, FH ; Lan, Q ; Landires, I ; Lang, JJ ; Langan, SM ; Lansingh, VC ; Lansky, S ; Larson, HJ ; Larson, SL ; Larsson, AO ; Lasrado, S ; Lassi, ZS ; Lau, KM-M ; Lauriola, P ; Lavados, PM ; Lazarus, JV ; Leal, LF ; Leasher, JL ; Ledesma, JR ; Lee, PH ; Lee, SWH ; Leever, AT ; LeGrand, KE ; Leigh, J ; Leonardi, M ; Lescinsky, H ; Leung, J ; Levi, M ; Lewington, S ; Li, B ; Li, S ; Lim, L-L ; Lin, C ; Lin, R-T ; Linehan, C ; Linn, S ; Listl, S ; Liu, H-C ; Liu, S ; Liu, S ; Liu, X ; Liu, Y ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lodha, R ; Logroscino, G ; Looker, KJ ; Lopez, AD ; Lopez, JCF ; Lopukhov, PD ; Lorkowski, S ; Lotufo, PA ; Lozano, R ; Lu, A ; Lucas, TCD ; Lugo, A ; Lunevicius, R ; Lyons, RA ; Ma, J ; Machado, DB ; MacLachlan, JH ; Madadin, M ; Maddison, ER ; Maddison, R ; Madotto, F ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Mahasha, PW ; Mahdavi, MM ; Mahmoudi, M ; Mai, HT ; Majeed, A ; Malagon-Rojas, JN ; Maled, V ; Maleki, A ; Maleki, S ; Malekzadeh, R ; Malta, DC ; Mamun, AA ; Manafi, A ; Manafi, N ; Manda, AL ; Manguerra, H ; Mansour-Ghanaei, F ; Mansouri, B ; Mansournia, MA ; Herrera, AMM ; Mapoma, CC ; Maravilla, JC ; Marks, A ; Martin, RV ; Martini, S ; Martins-Melo, FR ; Martopullo, I ; Masaka, A ; Masoumi, SZ ; Massano, J ; Massenburg, BB ; Mastrogiacomo, CI ; Mathur, MR ; Matsushita, K ; Maulik, PK ; May, EA ; Mazidi, M ; McAlinden, C ; McGrath, JJ ; Mckee, M ; Medina-Solis, CE ; Meharie, BG ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Nasab, EM ; Mehri, F ; Mehrotra, R ; Mehta, KM ; Meitei, WB ; Mekonnen, T ; Melese, A ; Memiah, PTN ; Memish, ZA ; Mendoza, W ; Menezes, RG ; Mengesha, EW ; Mengesha, MB ; Mensah, GA ; Mereke, A ; Mereta, ST ; Meretoja, A ; Meretoja, TJ ; Mestrovic, T ; Miazgowski, B ; Miazgowski, T ; Michalek, IM ; Mihretie, KM ; Miller, TR ; Mills, EJ ; Milne, GJ ; Mini, GK ; Miri, M ; Mirica, A ; Mirrakhimov, EM ; Mirzaei, H ; Mirzaei, M ; Mirzaei, R ; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M ; Misganaw, AT ; Mitchell, PB ; Mithra, P ; Moazen, B ; Moghadaszadeh, M ; Mohajer, B ; Mohamad, O ; Mohamadi, E ; Mohammad, DK ; Mohammad, Y ; Mezerji, NMG ; Mohammadbeigi, A ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A ; Mohammadifard, N ; Mohammadpourhodki, R ; Mohammed, AS ; Mohammed, H ; Mohammed, JA ; Mohammed, S ; Mohebi, F ; Bandpei, MAM ; Mokari, A ; Mokdad, AH ; Molokhia, M ; Momen, NC ; Monasta, L ; Mondello, S ; Mooney, MD ; Moosazadeh, M ; Moradi, G ; Moradi, M ; Moradi-Joo, M ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Moradzadeh, R ; Moraga, P ; Morales, L ; Morawska, L ; Velasquez, IM ; Morgado-da-Costa, J ; Morrison, SD ; Mosapour, A ; Mosser, JF ; Mouodi, S ; Mousavi, SM ; Khaneghah, AM ; Mueller, UO ; Mukhopadhyay, S ; Mullany, EC ; Mumford, JE ; Munro, SB ; Muriithi, MK ; Musa, KI ; Mustafa, G ; Muthupandian, S ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Nabhan, AF ; Naderi, M ; Nagarajan, AJ ; Nagel, G ; Naghavi, M ; Naghshtabrizi, B ; Naik, G ; Naimzada, MD ; Nair, S ; Najafi, F ; Naldi, L ; Nandakumar, V ; Nandi, AK ; Nangia, V ; Nansseu, JR ; Naserbakht, M ; Nayak, VC ; Nazari, J ; Ndejjo, R ; Ndwandwe, DE ; Negoi, I ; Negoi, RI ; Netsere, HB ; Neupane, S ; Ngari, KN ; Nguefack-Tsague, G ; Ngunjiri, JW ; Nguyen, CT ; Nguyen, DN ; Nguyen, HLT ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nguyen, M ; Nguyen, TH ; Nichols, E ; Nigatu, D ; Nigatu, YT ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Nikpoor, AR ; Nixon, MR ; Nnaji, CA ; Nomura, S ; Norheim, OF ; Norrving, B ; Noubiap, JJ ; Motlagh, SN ; Nowak, C ; Nsoesie, EO ; Nunez-Samudio, V ; Oancea, B ; Odell, CM ; Ogbo, FA ; Oghenetega, OB ; Oh, I-H ; Okunga, EW ; Oladnabi, M ; Olagunju, AT ; Olusanya, BO ; Olusanya, JO ; Oluwasanu, MM ; Bali, AO ; Omer, MO ; Ong, KL ; Ong, S ; Onwujekwe, OE ; Oren, E ; Orji, AU ; Orpana, HM ; Ortega-Altamirano, DV ; Ortiz, A ; Osarenotor, O ; Osei, FB ; Ostojic, SM ; Ostroff, SM ; Oiu, AO ; Otstavnov, N ; Otstavnov, SS ; Overland, S ; Owolabi, MO ; Section, MPA ; Padubidri, JR ; Pakhale, S ; Pakhare, AP ; Pakshir, K ; Palladino, R ; Pana, A ; Panda-Jonas, S ; Pandey, A ; Pangaribuan, HU ; Park, E-K ; Park, J ; Parmar, PGK ; Parry, CDH ; Pasovic, M ; Pasupula, DK ; Patel, JR ; Patel, SK ; Paternina-Caicedo, AJ ; Pathak, A ; Pathak, M ; Patten, SB ; Patton, GC ; Paudel, D ; Paudel, S ; Paulson, KR ; Toroudi, HP ; Pease, SA ; Peden, AE ; Pennini, A ; Pepito, VCF ; Peprah, EK ; Pereira, A ; Pereira, DM ; Pereira, J ; Perico, N ; Pescarini, JM ; Pesudovs, K ; Pham, HQ ; Phillips, MR ; Piccinelli, C ; Pierce, M ; Pigott, DM ; Pilgrim, T ; Pilz, TM ; Pinheiro, M ; Piradov, MA ; Pirsaheb, M ; Pishgar, F ; Plana-Ripoll, O ; Plass, D ; Pletcher, M ; Pokhrel, KN ; Polibin, RV ; Polinder, S ; Polkinghorne, KR ; Pond, CD ; Postma, MJ ; Pottoo, FH ; Pourjafar, H ; Pourmalek, F ; Kalhori, RP ; Pourshams, A ; Poznanska, A ; Prada, SI ; Prakash, S ; Prakash, V ; Prasad, N ; Preotescu, L ; Pribadi, DRA ; Pupillo, E ; Quazi Syed, Z ; Rabiee, M ; Rabiee, N ; Radfar, A ; Rafiee, A ; Rafiei, A ; Raggi, A ; Rahim, F ; Rahimi-Movaghar, A ; Rahman, MHU ; Rahman, MA ; Rajabpour-Sanati, A ; Rajati, F ; Rakovac, I ; Ram, P ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Rana, SM ; Ranabhat, CL ; Ranta, A ; Rao, PC ; Rao, SJ ; Rasella, D ; Rashedi, V ; Rastogi, P ; Rath, GK ; Rathi, P ; Rawaf, DL ; Rawaf, S ; Rawal, L ; Rawassizadeh, R ; Rawat, R ; Razo, C ; Boston, S ; Regassa, LD ; Reiner, RC ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, MB ; Remuzzi, G ; Renjith, V ; Renzaho, AMN ; Resnikoff, S ; Rezaei, N ; Rezaei, N ; Rezai, MS ; Rezapour, A ; Rhinehart, P-A ; Riahi, SM ; Ribeiro, ALP ; Ribeiro, DC ; Ribeiro, D ; Rickard, J ; Rivera, JA ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, NLS ; Roberts, S ; Robinson, SR ; Rodriguez-Ramirez, S ; Roever, L ; Rolfe, S ; Romoli, M ; Ronfani, L ; Room, R ; Roshandel, G ; Rostamian, M ; Roth, GA ; Rothenbacher, D ; Rubagotti, E ; Rumisha, SF ; Rwegerera, GM ; Saadatagah, S ; Sabour, S ; Sachdev, PS ; Saddik, B ; Sadeghi, E ; Sadeghi, M ; Saeedi, R ; Moghaddam, SS ; Saeidi, S ; Safari, Y ; Safi, S ; Safiri, S ; Sagar, R ; Sahebkar, A ; Sahraian, MA ; Sajadi, SM ; Salahshoor, MR ; Salam, N ; Salama, JS ; Salamati, P ; Zahabi, SS ; Salem, H ; Salem, MR ; Salimi, Y ; Salimzadeh, H ; Salman, OM ; 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Shin, M-J ; Shiri, R ; Shirkoohi, R ; Shivakumar, KM ; Shrime, MG ; Shuval, K ; Siabani, S ; Sierpinski, R ; Sigfusdottir, ID ; Sigurvinsdottir, R ; Silva, DAS ; Silva, JP ; Simonetti, B ; Simpson, KE ; Singh, A ; Singh, JA ; Singh, P ; Sinha, DN ; Skiadaresi, E ; Skou, ST ; Skryabin, VY ; Sliwa, K ; Smith, A ; Smith, EUR ; Sobngwi, E ; Soheili, A ; Sokhan, A ; Soltani, S ; Somefun, OD ; Soofi, M ; Sorensen, RJD ; Soriano, JB ; Sorrie, MB ; Soshnikov, S ; Soyiri, IN ; Spencer, CN ; Spotin, A ; Spurlock, EE ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Srinivasan, V ; Sripada, K ; Stanaway, JD ; Stark, BA ; Steel, N ; Stefan, SC ; Stein, C ; Stein, DJ ; Steiner, C ; Steiner, TJ ; Steuben, KM ; Stockfelt, L ; Stokes, MA ; Stovner, LJ ; Straif, K ; Stranges, S ; Stubbs, JL ; Suchdev, PS ; Sudaryanto, A ; Sufiyan, MB ; Suleria, HAR ; Abdulkader, RS ; Sulo, G ; Sultan, I ; Swope, CB ; Sykes, BL ; Sylte, DO ; Szocska, M ; Szumowski, L ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Tabuchi, T ; Tadakamadla, SK ; Taddele, BW ; Tadesse, DB ; Taherkhani, A ; Tahir, Z ; Tajdini, M ; Takahashi, K ; Takala, JS ; Tamiru, AT ; Tang, M ; Tanser, FC ; Tareque, MI ; Tarigan, IU ; Taveira, N ; Taylor, HJ ; Teagle, WL ; Teame, H ; Tediosi, F ; Tefera, YG ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Teklehaimanot, BF ; Tela, FG ; Temsah, M-H ; Terrason, S ; Tesema, GA ; Tessema, ZT ; Thakur, B ; Thankappan, KR ; Thapar, R ; Thomas, N ; Thomson, AM ; Thrift, AG ; Thurston, GD ; Titova, MV ; Tlou, B ; Tohidinik, HR ; Tonelli, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Topouzis, F ; Torre, AE ; Touvier, M ; Tovani-Palone, MR ; Traini, E ; Tran, BX ; Travillian, R ; Trias-Llimos, S ; Troeger, CE ; Truelsen, TC ; Tsai, AC ; Tsatsakis, A ; Car, LT ; Tyrovolas, S ; Uddin, R ; Ullah, I ; Ullah, S ; Umeokonkwo, CD ; Undurraga, EA ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Upadhyay, E ; Uthman, OA ; Vacante, M ; Vaicekonyte, R ; Vakilian, A ; Valdez, PR ; Valli, A ; Van Donkelaar, A ; Vardavas, C ; Varughese, S ; Vasankari, TJ ; Vasconcelos, AMN ; Vasseghian, Y ; Veisani, Y ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Vidale, S ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, V ; Vollset, SE ; Vongpradith, A ; Vos, T ; Vu, GT ; Vujcic, IS ; Vukovic, A ; Vukovic, R ; Hawariat, FGW ; Waheed, Y ; Wallin, MT ; Walters, MK ; Wamai, RG ; Wang, F ; Wang, H ; Wang, H ; Wang, J ; Wang, Y ; Wang, Y ; Wang, Y-P ; Ward, JL ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Wei, J ; Wei, MYW ; Weintraub, RG ; Weiss, DJ ; Weiss, J ; Welay, FT ; Weldesamuel, GT ; Werdecker, A ; West, JJ ; Westerman, R ; Whisnant, JL ; Whiteford, HA ; Wiangkham, T ; Wickramasinghe, ND ; Wiens, KE ; Wijeratne, T ; Wilner, LB ; Wilson, S ; Wiysonge, CS ; Wojtyniak, B ; Woldu, G ; Wolfe, CDA ; Wondmeneh, TG ; Wondmieneh, AB ; Wool, EE ; Wozniak, SS ; Wu, A-M ; Wu, C ; Wu, J ; Hanson, SW ; Wunrow, HY ; Xie, Y ; Xu, G ; Xu, R ; Yadgir, S ; Jabbari, SHY ; Yamada, T ; Yamagishi, K ; Yaminfirooz, M ; Yano, Y ; Yaya, S ; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V ; Yearwood, JA ; Yeheyis, TY ; Yeshitila, YG ; Yilgwan, CS ; Yilma, MT ; Yip, P ; Yonemoto, N ; Yoon, S-J ; Lebni, JY ; York, HW ; Younis, MZ ; Younker, TP ; Yousefi, B ; Yousefi, Z ; Yousefifard, M ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Yousuf, AY ; Yu, C ; Yu, Y ; Yuan, C-W ; Yuce, D ; Yusefzadeh, H ; Zadey, S ; Moghadam, TZ ; Zaidi, SS ; Zaki, L ; Zakzuk, J ; Bin Zaman, S ; Zamani, M ; Zamanian, M ; Zandian, H ; Zangeneh, A ; Zarafshan, H ; Zastrozhin, MS ; Zewdie, KA ; Zhang, J ; Zhang, Y ; Zhang, Z-J ; Zhao, JT ; Zhao, X-JG ; Zhao, Y ; Zheleva, B ; Zheng, P ; Zhou, M ; Zhu, C ; Ziapour, A ; Zimsen, SRM ; Zlavog, BS ; Zodpey, S ; Lim, SS ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020-10-17)
    The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
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    Acute Ischemic Stroke in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2: Neurorehabilitation Implications of Inflammation Induced Immunological Responses Affecting Vascular Systems
    Karimi, L ; Sales, C ; Crewther, SG ; Wijeratne, T (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2020-12-22)
    Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped RNA viruses and have been shown to cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans, with some severe cases inducing neurological manifestations. The lethality and Neurological effects of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and recently the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been well documented though currently there is little literature regarding long term effects and the implications for neurorehabilitation. SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV have been linked to the infection associated inflammatory cytokine storms and induced hypercoagulopathic states that affect the entire vascular system including that of the brain. This mini-review provides an overview of the commonalities among studies published on all three types of the coronavirus related to acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim was to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underpinning COVID-2 and to reflect the similarities with the chronic inflammation induced symptoms of AIS that are likely to prove a further challenge for neurorehabilitation clinicians post COVID. In terms of increased incidence of COVID and AIS, it is likely that in depth knowledge of increased thrombotic risk in this population will require appropriate anticoagulation treatment, and other therapeutic interventions as well as neurorehabilitation interventions. Lastly the risk of spreading the virus requires further balancing of the provision of neurorehabiliatation services useful to the patient.
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    Acute Ischemic Stroke in COVID-19: A Case-Based Systematic Review
    Wijeratne, T ; Sales, C ; Karimi, L ; Crewther, SG (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2020-09-25)
    Corona virus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized as a global pandemic by WHO 2020 with 5,934 936 infections, 367,166 deaths and affecting over 200 countries as of 30th May 2020. Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) in brain is also emerging as an important neurovascular/neurological complication of COVID-19, associated with extreme immune responses leading to dysregulated coagulation system and generalized thrombo-embolic status and increased risk of AIS especially among usually less vulnerable younger adults in this cohort. Thus, in early June 2020, we aimed to review the clinical data on all published cases of COVID-19 and concomitant AIS, with a view to understanding the pertinent clinical, laboratory and imaging features. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at time of hospital admission for COVID infection correlates positively with the duration of time before onset of clinical features of AIS. Higher NLR, C-Reactive protein, serum ferritin, D-dimer and fibrinogen levels are associated with poor prognosis of AIS in COVID-19 with 75% of patients dying or being severely disabled at present. Currently it is too early to comment on the long-term outcomes for survivors.
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    World Brain Day 2020: Move together to end Parkinson's disease
    Wijeratne, T ; Grisold, W ; Trenkwalder, C ; Carroll, AMW (ELSEVIER, 2020-09-15)
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    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
    Kassebaum, NJ ; Arora, M ; Barber, RM ; Bhutta, ZA ; Carter, A ; Casey, DC ; Charlson, FJ ; Coates, MM ; Coggeshall, M ; Cornaby, L ; Dandona, L ; Dicker, DJ ; Erskine, HE ; Ferrari, AJ ; Fitzmaurice, C ; Foreman, K ; Forouzanfar, MH ; Fullman, N ; Gething, PW ; Goldberg, EM ; Graetz, N ; Haagsma, JA ; Johnson, C ; Kemmer, L ; Khalil, IA ; Kinfu, Y ; Kutz, MJ ; Kyu, HH ; Leung, J ; Liang, X ; Lim, SS ; Lozano, R ; Mensah, GA ; Mikesell, J ; Mokdad, AH ; Mooney, MD ; Naghavi, M ; Nguyen, G ; Nsoesie, E ; Pigott, DM ; Pinho, C ; Rankin, Z ; Reinig, N ; Salomon, JA ; Sandar, L ; Smith, A ; Sorensen, RJD ; Stanaway, J ; Steiner, C ; Teeple, S ; Thomas, BA ; Troeger, C ; VanderZanden, A ; Wagner, JA ; Wanga, V ; Whiteford, HA ; Zhou, M ; Zoeckler, L ; Abajobir, AA ; Abate, KH ; Abbafati, C ; Abbas, KM ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abraham, B ; Abubakar, I ; Abu-Raddad, LJ ; Abu-Rmeileh, NME ; Achoki, T ; Ackerman, IN ; Adebiyi, AO ; Adedeji, IA ; Adsuar, JC ; Afanvi, KA ; Afshin, A ; Agardh, EE ; Agarwal, A ; 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Poulton, RG ; Pourmalek, F ; Prasad, NM ; Qorbani, M ; Rabiee, RHS ; Radfar, A ; Rafay, A ; Rahimi, K ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rahman, M ; Rahman, MHU ; Rahman, SU ; Rai, D ; Rai, RK ; Rajsic, S ; Raju, M ; Ram, U ; Ranganathan, K ; Refaat, AH ; Reitsma, MB ; Remuzzi, G ; Resnikoff, S ; Reynolds, A ; Ribeiro, AL ; Ricci, S ; Roba, HS ; Rojas-Rueda, D ; Ronfani, L ; Roshandel, G ; Roth, GA ; Roy, A ; Sackey, BB ; Sagar, R ; Sanabria, JR ; Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M ; Santos, IS ; Santos, JV ; Sarmiento-Suarez, R ; Sartorius, B ; Satpathy, M ; Savic, M ; Sawhney, M ; Schmidt, MI ; Schneider, IJC ; Schutte, AE ; Schwebel, DC ; Seedat, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Servan-Mori, EE ; Shahraz, S ; Shaikh, MA ; Sharma, R ; She, J ; Sheikhbahaei, S ; Shen, J ; Sheth, KN ; Shibuya, K ; Shigematsu, M ; Shin, M-J ; Shin, R ; Sigfusdottir, ID ; Santos Silva, DA ; Silverberg, JI ; Simard, EP ; Singh, A ; Singh, JA ; Singh, PK ; Skirbekk, V ; Skogen, JC ; Soljak, M ; Soreide, K ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Stathopoulou, V ; Steel, N ; Stein, DJ ; Stein, MB ; Steiner, TJ ; Stovner, LJ ; Stranges, S ; Stroumpoulis, K ; Sunguya, BF ; Sur, PJ ; Swaminathan, S ; Sykes, BL ; Szoeke, CEI ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Landon, N ; Tanne, D ; Tavakkoli, M ; Taye, B ; Taylor, HR ; Ao, BJT ; Tegegne, TK ; Tekle, DY ; Terkawi, AS ; Tessema, GA ; Thakur, JS ; Thomson, AJ ; Thorne-Lyman, AL ; Thrift, AG ; Thurston, GD ; Tobe-Gai, R ; Tonelli, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Topouzis, F ; Tran, BX ; Dimbuene, ZT ; Tsilimbaris, M ; Tura, AK ; Tuzcu, EM ; Tyrovolas, S ; Ukwaja, KN ; Undurraga, EA ; Uneke, CJ ; Uthman, OA ; van Gool, CH ; van Os, J ; Vasankari, T ; Vasconcelos, AMN ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, VV ; Vollset, SE ; Wagner, GR ; Wallin, MT ; Wang, L ; Weichenthal, S ; Weiderpass, E ; Weintraub, RG ; Werdecker, A ; WestermaM, R ; Wijeratne, T ; Wilkinson, JD ; Williams, HC ; Wiysonge, CS ; Woldeyohannes, SM ; Wolfe, CDA ; Won, S ; Xu, G ; Yadav, AK ; Yakob, B ; Yan, LL ; Yan, Y ; Yaseri, M ; Ye, P ; Yip, P ; Yonemoto, N ; Yoon, S-J ; Younis, MZ ; Yu, C ; Zaidi, Z ; Zaki, MES ; Zeeb, H ; Zodpey, S ; Zonies, D ; Zuhlke, LJ ; Vos, T ; Lopez, AD ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2016-10-08)
    BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
    Wang, H ; Naghavi, M ; Allen, C ; Barber, RM ; Bhutta, ZA ; Carter, A ; Casey, DC ; Charlson, FJ ; Chen, AZ ; Coates, MM ; Coggeshall, M ; Dandona, L ; Dicker, DJ ; Erskine, HE ; Ferrari, AJ ; Fitzmaurice, C ; Foreman, K ; Forouzanfar, MH ; Fraser, MS ; Pullman, N ; Gething, PW ; Goldberg, EM ; Graetz, N ; Haagsma, JA ; Hay, SI ; Huynh, C ; Johnson, C ; Kassebaum, NJ ; Kinfu, Y ; Kulikoff, XR ; Kutz, M ; Kyu, HH ; Larson, HJ ; Leung, J ; Liang, X ; Lim, SS ; Lind, M ; Lozano, R ; Marquez, N ; Mensah, GA ; Mikesell, J ; Mokdad, AH ; Mooney, MD ; Nguyen, G ; Nsoesie, E ; Pigott, DM ; Pinho, C ; Roth, GA ; Salomon, JA ; Sandar, L ; Silpakit, N ; Sligar, A ; Sorensen, RJD ; Stanaway, J ; Steiner, C ; Teeple, S ; Thomas, BA ; Troeger, C ; VanderZanden, A ; Vollset, SE ; Wanga, V ; Whiteford, HA ; Wolock, T ; Zoeckler, L ; Abate, KH ; Abbafati, C ; Abbas, KM ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abera, SF ; Abreu, DMX ; Abu-Raddad, LJ ; Abyu, GY ; Achoki, T ; Adelekan, AL ; Ademi, Z ; Adou, AK ; Adsuar, JC ; Afanvi, KA ; Afshin, A ; Agardh, EE ; Agarwal, A ; Agrawal, A ; Kiadaliri, AA ; Ajala, ON ; Akanda, AS ; Akinyemi, RO ; Akinyemiju, TF ; Akseer, N ; Al Lami, FH ; Alabed, S ; Al-Aly, Z ; Alam, K ; Alam, NKM ; Alasfoor, D ; Aldhahri, SF ; Aldridge, RW ; Alegretti, MA ; Aleman, AV ; Alemu, ZA ; Alexander, LT ; Alhabib, S ; Ali, R ; Alkerwi, A ; Alla, F ; Allebeck, P ; Al-Raddadi, R ; Alsharif, U ; Altirkawi, KA ; Martin, EA ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Amare, AT ; Amegah, AK ; Ameh, EA ; Amini, H ; Ammar, W ; Amrock, SM ; Andersen, HH ; Anderson, B ; Anderson, GM ; Antonio, CAT ; Aregay, AF ; Arnlov, J ; Arsenijevic, VSA ; Al, A ; Asayesh, H ; Asghar, RJ ; Atique, S ; Arthur Avokpaho, EFG ; Awasthi, A ; Azzopardi, P ; Bacha, U ; Badawi, A ; Bahit, MC ; Balakrishnan, K ; Banerjee, A ; Barac, A ; Barker-Collo, SL ; Barnighausen, T ; Barregard, L ; Barrero, LH ; Basu, A ; Basu, S ; Bayou, YT ; Bazargan-Hejazi, S ; Beardsley, J ; Bedi, N ; Beghi, E ; Belay, HA ; Bell, B ; Bell, ML ; Bello, AK ; Bennett, DA ; Bensenor, IM ; Berhane, A ; Bernabe, E ; Betsu, BD ; Beyene, AS ; Bhala, N ; Bhalla, A ; Biadgilign, S ; Bikbov, B ; Bin Abdulhak, AA ; Biroscak, BJ ; Biryukov, S ; Bjertness, E ; Blore, JD ; Blosser, CD ; Bohensky, MA ; Borschmann, R ; Bose, D ; Bourne, RRA ; Brainin, M ; Brayne, CEG ; Brazinova, A ; Breitborde, NJK ; Brenner, H ; Brewer, JD ; Brown, A ; Brown, J ; Brugha, TS ; Buckle, GC ; Butt, ZA ; Calabria, B ; Campos-Novato, IR ; Campuzano, JC ; Carapetis, JR ; Cardenas, R ; Carpenter, D ; Carrero, JJ ; Castaneda-Oquela, CA ; Rivas, JC ; Catala-Lopez, F ; Cavalleri, F ; Cercy, K ; Cerda, J ; Chen, W ; Chew, A ; Chiang, PP-C ; Chibalabala, M ; Chibueze, CE ; Chimed-Ochir, O ; Chisumpa, VH ; Choi, J-YJ ; Chowdhury, R ; Christensen, H ; Christopher, DJ ; Ciobanu, LG ; Cirillo, M ; Cohen, AJ ; Colistro, V ; Colomar, M ; Colquhoun, SM ; Cooper, C ; Cooper, LT ; Cortinovis, M ; Cowie, BC ; Crump, JA ; Damsere-Derry, J ; Danawi, H ; Dandona, R ; Daoud, F ; Darby, SC ; Dargan, PI ; das Neves, J ; Davey, G ; Davis, AC ; Davitoiu, DV ; de Castro, EF ; de Jager, P ; De Leo, D ; Degenhardt, L ; Dellavalle, RP ; Deribe, K ; Deribew, A ; Dharmaratne, SD ; Dhillon, PK ; Diaz-Torne, C ; Ding, EL ; dos Santos, KPB ; Dossou, E ; Driscoll, TR ; Duan, L ; Dubey, M ; Bartholow, B ; Ellenbogen, RG ; Lycke, C ; Elyazar, I ; Endries, AY ; Ermakov, SP ; Eshrati, B ; Esteghamati, A ; Estep, K ; Faghmous, IDA ; Fahimi, S ; Jose, E ; Farid, TA ; Sa Farinha, CSE ; Faro, A ; Farvid, MS ; Farzadfar, F ; Feigin, VL ; Fereshtehnejad, S-M ; Fernandes, JG ; Fernandes, JC ; Fischer, F ; Fitchett, JRA ; Flaxman, A ; Foigt, N ; Fowkes, FGR ; Franca, EB ; Franklin, RC ; Friedman, J ; Frostad, J ; Hirst, T ; Futran, ND ; Gall, SL ; Gambashidze, K ; Gamkrelidze, A ; Ganguly, P ; Gankpe, FG ; Gebre, T ; Gebrehiwot, TT ; Gebremedhin, AT ; Gebru, AA ; Geleijnse, JM ; Gessner, BD ; Ghoshal, AG ; Gibney, KB ; Gillum, RF ; Gilmour, S ; Giref, AZ ; Giroud, M ; Gishu, MD ; Giussani, G ; Glaser, E ; Godwin, WW ; Gomez-Dantes, H ; Gona, P ; Goodridge, A ; Gopalani, SV ; Gosselin, RA ; Gotay, CC ; Goto, A ; Gouda, HN ; Greaves, F ; Gugnani, HC ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, R ; Gupta, V ; Gutierrez, RA ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Haile, D ; Hailu, AD ; Hailu, GB ; Halasa, YA ; Hamadeh, RR ; Hamidi, S ; Hancock, J ; Handal, AJ ; Hankey, GJ ; Hao, Y ; Harb, HL ; Harikrishnan, S ; Haro, JM ; Havmoeller, R ; Heckbert, SR ; Heredia-Pi, IB ; Heydarpour, P ; Hilderink, HBM ; Hoek, HW ; Hogg, RS ; Horino, M ; Horita, N ; Hosgood, HD ; Hotez, PJ ; Hoy, DG ; Hsairi, M ; Htet, AS ; Than Htike, MM ; Hu, G ; Huang, C ; Huang, H ; Huiart, L ; Husseini, A ; Huybrechts, I ; Huynh, G ; Iburg, KM ; Innos, K ; Inoue, M ; Iyer, VJ ; Jacobs, TA ; Jacobsen, KH ; Jahanmehr, N ; Jakovljevic, MB ; James, P ; Javanbakht, M ; Jayaraman, SP ; Jayatilleke, AU ; Jeemon, P ; Jensen, PN ; Jha, V ; Jiang, G ; Jiang, Y ; Jibat, T ; Jimenez-Corona, A ; Jonas, JB ; Joshi, TK ; Kabir, Z ; Karnak, R ; Kan, H ; Kant, S ; Karch, A ; Karema, CK ; Karimkhani, C ; Karletsos, D ; Karthikeyan, G ; Kasaeian, A ; Katibeh, M ; Kaul, A ; Kawakami, N ; Kayibanda, JF ; Keiyoro, PN ; Kemmer, L ; Kemp, AH ; Kengne, AP ; Keren, A ; Kereselidze, M ; Kesavachandran, CN ; Khader, YS ; Khalil, IA ; Khan, AR ; Khan, EA ; Khang, Y-H ; Khera, S ; Muthafer Khoja, TA ; Kieling, C ; Kim, D ; Kim, YJ ; Kissela, BM ; Kissoon, N ; Knibbs, LD ; Knudsen, AK ; Kokubo, Y ; Kolte, D ; Kopec, JA ; Kosen, S ; Koul, PA ; Koyanagi, A ; Krog, NH ; Defo, BK ; Bicer, BK ; Kudom, AA ; Kuipers, EJ ; Kulkarni, VS ; Kumar, GA ; Kwan, GF ; Lal, A ; Lal, DK ; Lalloo, R ; Lam, H ; Lam, JO ; Langan, SM ; Lansingh, VC ; Larsson, A ; Laryea, DO ; Latif, AA ; Lawrynowicz, AEB ; Leigh, J ; Levi, M ; Li, Y ; Lindsay, MP ; Lipshultz, SE ; Liu, PY ; Liu, S ; Liu, Y ; Lo, L-T ; Logroscino, G ; Lotufo, PA ; Lucas, RM ; Lunevicius, R ; Lyons, RA ; Ma, S ; Pedro Machado, VM ; Mackay, MT ; MacLachlan, JH ; Abd El Razek, HM ; Abd El Razek, MM ; Majdan, M ; Majeed, A ; Malekzadeh, R ; Ayele Manamo, WA ; Mandisarisa, J ; Mangalam, S ; Mapoma, CC ; Marcenes, W ; Margolis, DJ ; Martin, GR ; Martinez-Raga, J ; Marzan, MB ; Masiye, F ; Mason-Jones, AJ ; Massano, J ; Matzopoulos, R ; Mayosi, BM ; McGarvey, ST ; McGrath, JJ ; Mckee, M ; McMahon, BJ ; Meaney, PA ; Mehari, A ; Mehndiratta, MM ; Mena-Rodriguez, F ; Mekonnen, AB ; Melaku, YA ; Memiah, P ; Memish, ZA ; Mendoza, W ; Meretoja, A ; Meretoja, TJ ; Mhimbira, FA ; Micha, R ; Miller, TR ; Mirarefin, M ; Misganaw, A ; Mock, CN ; Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K ; Mohammadi, A ; Mohammed, S ; Mohan, V ; Mola, GLD ; Monasta, L ; Montanez Hernandez, JC ; Montero, P ; Montico, M ; Montine, TJ ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Morawska, L ; Morgan, K ; Mori, R ; Mozaffarian, D ; Mueller, U ; Satyanarayana Murthy, GV ; Murthy, S ; Musa, KI ; Nachega, JB ; Nagel, G ; Naidoo, KS ; Naik, N ; Naldi, L ; Nangia, V ; Nash, D ; Nejjari, C ; Neupane, S ; Newton, CR ; Newton, JN ; Ng, M ; Ngalesoni, FN ; Ngirabega, JDD ; Quyen, LN ; Nisar, MI ; Nkamedjie Pete, PM ; Nomura, M ; Norheim, OF ; Norman, PE ; Norrving, B ; Nyakarahuka, L ; Ogbo, FA ; Ohkubo, T ; Ojelabi, FA ; Olivares, PR ; Olusanya, BO ; Olusanya, JO ; Opio, JN ; Oren, E ; Ortiz, A ; Osman, M ; Ota, E ; Ozdemir, R ; Pa, M ; Pandian, JD ; Pant, PR ; Papachristou, C ; Park, E-K ; Park, J-H ; Parry, CD ; Parsaeian, M ; Caicedo, AJP ; Patten, SB ; Patton, GC ; Paul, VK ; Pearce, N ; Pedro, JM ; Stokic, LP ; Pereira, DM ; Perico, N ; Pesudovs, K ; Petzold, M ; Phillips, MR ; Piel, FB ; Pillay, JD ; Plass, D ; Platts-Mills, JA ; Polinder, S ; Pope, CA ; Popova, S ; Poulton, RG ; Pourmalek, F ; Prabhakaran, D ; Qorbani, M ; Quame-Amaglo, J ; Quistberg, DA ; Rafay, A ; Rahimi, K ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V ; Rahman, M ; Rahman, MHU ; Rahman, SU ; Rai, RK ; Rajavi, Z ; Rajsic, S ; Raju, M ; Rakovac, I ; Rana, SM ; Ranabhat, CL ; Rangaswamy, T ; Rao, P ; Rao, SR ; Refaat, AH ; Rehm, J ; Reitsma, MB ; Remuzzi, G ; Resnikofff, S ; Ribeiro, AL ; Ricci, S ; Blancas, MJR ; Roberts, B ; Roca, A ; Rojas-Rueda, D ; Ronfani, L ; Roshandel, G ; Rothenbacher, D ; Roy, A ; Roy, NK ; Ruhago, GM ; Sagar, R ; Saha, S ; Sahathevan, R ; Saleh, MM ; Sanabria, JR ; Sanchez-Nino, MD ; Sanchez-Riera, L ; Santos, IS ; Sarmiento-Suarez, R ; Sartorius, B ; Satpathy, M ; Savic, M ; Sawhney, M ; Schaub, MP ; Schmidt, MI ; Schneider, IJC ; Schottker, B ; Schutte, AE ; Schwebel, DC ; Seedat, S ; Sepanlou, SG ; Servan-Mori, EE ; Shackelford, KA ; Shaddick, G ; Shaheen, A ; Shahraz, S ; Shaikh, MA ; Shakh-Nazarova, M ; Sharma, R ; She, J ; Sheikhbahaei, S ; Shen, J ; Shen, Z ; Shepard, DS ; Sheth, KN ; Shetty, BP ; Shi, P ; Shibuya, K ; Shin, M-J ; Shiri, R ; Shiue, I ; Shrime, MG ; Sigfusdottir, ID ; Silberberg, DH ; Silva, DAS ; Silveira, DGA ; Silverberg, JI ; Simard, EP ; Singh, A ; Singh, GM ; Singh, JA ; Singh, OP ; Singh, PK ; Singh, V ; Soneji, S ; Soreide, K ; Soriano, JB ; Sposato, LA ; Sreeramareddy, CT ; Stathopoulou, V ; Stein, DJ ; Stein, MB ; Stranges, S ; Stroumpoulis, K ; Sunguya, BF ; Sur, P ; Swaminathan, S ; Sykes, BL ; Szoeke, CEI ; Tabares-Seisdedos, R ; Tabb, KM ; Takahashi, K ; Takala, JS ; Talongwa, RT ; Tandon, N ; Tavakkoli, M ; Taye, B ; Taylor, HR ; Ao, BJT ; Tedla, BA ; Tefera, WM ; Ten Have, M ; Terkawi, AS ; Tesfay, FH ; Tessema, GA ; Thomson, AJ ; Thorne-Lyman, AL ; Thrift, AG ; Thurston, GD ; Tillmann, T ; Tirschwell, DL ; Tonelli, M ; Topor-Madry, R ; Topouzis, F ; Nx, JAT ; Traebert, J ; Tran, BX ; Truelsen, T ; Trujillo, U ; Tura, AK ; Tuzcu, EM ; Uchendu, US ; Ukwaja, KN ; Undurraga, EA ; Uthman, OA ; Van Dingenen, R ; Van Donkelaar, A ; Vasankari, T ; Vasconcelos, AMN ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Vidavalur, R ; Vijayakumar, L ; Villalpando, S ; Violante, FS ; Vlassov, VV ; Wagner, JA ; Wagner, GR ; Wallin, MT ; Wang, L ; Watkins, DA ; Weichenthal, S ; Weiderpass, E ; Weintraub, RG ; Werdecker, A ; Westerman, R ; White, RA ; Wijeratne, T ; Wilkinson, JD ; Williams, HC ; Wiysonge, CS ; Woldeyohannes, SM ; Wolfe, CDA ; Won, S ; Wong, JQ ; Woolf, AD ; Xavier, D ; Xiao, Q ; Xu, G ; Yakob, B ; Yalew, AZ ; Yan, LL ; Yano, Y ; Yaseri, M ; Ye, P ; Yebyo, HG ; Yip, P ; Yirsaw, BD ; Yonemoto, N ; Yonga, G ; Younis, MZ ; Yu, S ; Zaidi, Z ; Zaki, MES ; Zannad, F ; Zavala, DE ; Zeeb, H ; Zeleke, BM ; Zhang, H ; Zodpey, S ; Zonies, D ; Zuhlke, LJ ; Vos, T ; Lopez, AD ; Murray, CJL (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2016-10-08)
    BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. INTERPRETATION: At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.