Faculty of Education - Theses
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ItemThe academic achievements of language centre students at a secondary college( 2001)What are the academic achievements of adolescent new-arrival English as a Second Language (ESL) students at secondary schools in Victoria, Australia? Research on Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) students in Australia has tended to neglect new arrival ESL students. To examine the academic achievements of this important subgroup of NESB students, the current study will highlight the academic achievements of a cohort of Victorian Language Centre students at a Secondary College over six years with interruption to schooling in their first language (L1) as the key variable linked to academic achievement in their second language (L2). Victorian Language Centres provide new-arrival ESL students with the English skills they need to start their secondary educations in L2. The current study examined the academic achievement of two groups of Language Centre students, those who completed their Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) and those who left the Secondary College prior to completing VCE. Their academic results were summarised into spreadsheets for quantitative analysis. Subsequent to the quantitative analysis interviews were conducted with four ESL students from the Language Centre currently completing their VCE studies to provide further insight into the factors that enabled them to do their VCE. Results indicate that the academic achievements of this cohort of ESL Language Centre students are poor and that interruption to education in Ll had a major impact on the students' ability to achieve academically at the Secondary College. The study suggests that L1 education is the key variable influencing the student's ability to acquire the academic language skills necessary to meet the academic demands of secondary education, particularly the VCE. Other factors such as support for learning and strong motivation were found to help students overcome difficulties encountered in their secondary education. However, students who were unable to overcome these difficulties left the College prior to completing VCE. It was concluded that the majority of Language Centre students faced uncertain economic futures once they left the Secondary College. The results of the study suggest that Language Centre students need more support and assistance to enable them to complete VCE or to access educational alternatives to the VCE. This study also suggests that more research into the effect of L1 education on L2 education be conducted as this was found to be the key variable in the students' ability to acquire the academic language skills necessary to meet the academic demands of VCE.
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ItemCritical language awareness and academic writing skills in English for overseas post-graduate engineering students( 2002)This research project examines the problems associated with bringing overseas post-graduate students to a satisfactory level of competence in Engineering Academic Writing in English. Having acknowledged that the teaching of more and more English grammar does not resolve the problem completely, this research project explores the possibility that an intervention program, based on a Critical Language Awareness approach, offers a promising alternative. By bringing to the students' conscious level aspects of their writer identity, which include issues of experience, status and power relations, their interests, values and beliefs, their voice(s), practices and ownership of their writing and issues of accommodation or resistance to change, it is shown that there is limited but promising evidence that student writing can be brought to a satisfactory level. However, as cultural norms are embedded deeply, change cannot be brought about readily.
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ItemThe language learning strategies used by Japanese learners of English in Japan and Australia( 2001)The research on language learning strategies (LLSs) to date has been conducted to investigate what kinds of factors (e.g., gender, language proficiency and motivation) affect learners' LLS choice. Although more people move from one language environment to another, there is little research on whether learners change their LLSs in different cultural environments and on what factors affect learners' LLS choice in cross-cultural environments. The current study is intended to fill this gap. For the current study, forty-six Japanese learners of English studying in Australia were recruited. They were given the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) designed by Oxford (1990) in order to investigate what kinds of LLSs Japanese learners tend to use in both Japan and Australia. In addition, a background questionnaire was used to gather information from learners to explore which factors affect LLS choice in cross-cultural environments. Results indicate that Japanese learners tended to use compensation strategies in Japan, while preferring social strategies in Australia. When they moved from Japan to Australia, they changed their LLSs because of the changed cultural context and the different teaching methods used in Australia. The factors affecting LLS choice were mainly gender, English proficiency and motivation. Gender affected LLS choice in Japan, while the influence disappeared in Australia. High proficiency learners tended to use a wider range of strategies than low proficiency learners. Motivation was the most influential factor on LLS choice both in Japan and Australia. The results of this study suggest that students need to increase opportunities to use English in Japan, both inside and outside the classroom, and to enhance their motivation for English learning.
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ItemPerceptions of students and young working adults on their experience learning the English language: case studies in Singapore( 2007)The standard of English in Singapore has been a recurring issue of debate for the last 30 years. This study seeks to understand the language situation in Singapore through the perceptions of six students and young working adults describing their experience learning English in Singapore. The study proposes another perspective to examining the language situation - the language situation is a phenomenon. Two factors are integral in this phenomenon: the distinctive development in the English language worldwide with the appearance of the English variants, the New Englishes, at the macrolevel and the acquisition of English in the multilingual society of Singapore at the microlevel. This study set out to explore this using a phenomenological approach. It involved in-depth interviews with participants who would have been affected by language instruction and policy decisions of the last 20 years. These interviews provide participants' "lived" experiences. While the study looked at how English was acquired in a multilingual setting, Singlish, or Singapore English, was referred to consistently by the participants as a language used frequently in informal settings. Findings indicate that Singlish, which is often considered as the poorer form of these variations, is regarded as a language of its own with contributions from the variety of languages which represent the major ethnic groups in Singapore. Singlish has also been seen as an identity marker.
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ItemPreservice teacher education for the preparation of secondary teachers of english as a second language in Australia( 2003)English as a Second Language (ESL) education in Australia has undergone tremendous changes in the last thirty years or so. Along with the changes in policy, the roles of the ESL teacher have also changed, reflecting the changing socio-cultural, economic and political climate of the time. Several new roles that have emerged can be seen as being particular only to this group of teachers. Student-teachers need to be effectively prepared for the roles that they will take on upon completion of their teacher education programs. This study investigates the effectiveness of one preservice ESL teacher education program, particularly from the perspectives of student-teachers, in preparing them for their future roles as ESL teachers. The study reveals the varied opinions that student-teachers have regarding different aspects of their course di study and the factors which influence their perceptions. It also discusses suggestions of improvement made for such a teacher education program, from the perspectives of student-teachers, their course lecturers and a sample of trained ESL teachers.
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ItemLanguage teaching reform in Japan: implications for communicative teaching implementation and practice from foreign teacher perspectives( 2004)Debate continues over to what extent Japanese language education reform has made substantive progress in its attempt at moving away from traditional grammar-translation methodology, towards a more communicative approach. Using grounded theory, this thesis aims to explore communicative language teaching (CLT) implementation and practice in Japan from the perspectives of seven resident native speaker teachers of English. The study reveals that despite renewed commitments from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Monbukagakushou) towards integrating communicative practice into Japanese language education, foreign teachers generally remain skeptical that impediments between Monbukagakushou's stated aims and the reality of classroom practice, can be easily overcome. This study will investigate some of these impediments which includes: a) teachers', both native speakers and Japanese Teachers of English (JTEs), uncertainty about the actual nature of CLT, what it encompasses and how it can be adapted to Japanese learning proclivities, b) the failure of the curriculum to direct Japanese teachers' and students' attention away from preparing for discrete point examinations, towards a more integrated assessment model and c) the difficulty with which Japan's central and local bureaucratic institutions can maintain administrative consistency in developing stated educational aims into classroom reality.
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ItemIssues in the appropriation of English nonverbal behaviour by Japanese high school students( 2004)Studies of nonverbal communication for some decades have shown a fundamental relationship between verbal and nonverbal aspects of language. Hence, communication has come to be understood as the use of a multidimensional system of integrated verbal and nonverbal behaviour. In Japan, the study of English at high school has traditionally focused on the development of students' reading and writing skills and neglected the teaching of spoken English communication. Thus, the English education system in Japan is seen to have avoided the threat to cultural identity that can result from exposure to cultural traditions and the complex system of values and norms that exist in English as in any language. It is within this context of English education in Japan that this study has explored the issues relating to the teaching and learning of spoken English by implementing a syllabus focusing primarily on common nonverbal behaviours used by native speakers of English. A program of instruction in English nonverbal behaviour was designed and implemented in one Third Year senior high school class (equivalent to Year 12 in Australia) in a school in Kyoto, Japan. The study sought to investigate the progress that could be made by these Japanese high school students in spoken English proficiency at the conclusion of the program; and to explore the strategies that facilitated progress and factors that impeded progress. The research method chosen was a case study in teaching practice and a predominantly qualitative approach was taken in the methods of data collection. A pre- and post-test was also used. The data analysis revealed that after the program, all students improved in spoken English proficiency through their acquisition of English nonverbal behaviours, particularly in the use of English gestures. Difficulties for the learners included social and emotional challenges related to adopting nonverbal elements that contrast with the values and norms attached to their L1; limitations of the classroom context; and physical obstacles in 'acquiring' foreign language elements. One unexpected outcome of the study was the development of trust among students and between the teacher and students during the program. A significant finding was that students transferred the new L2 behaviours learned in unscripted interactions in the classroom. Key factors that facilitated learner progress were teaching strategies that incorporated metacognitive instruction with physical modelling; high student motivation resulting from the learners' cognitive understanding of the genuine need for the new behaviours in effective communication; and active learning techniques.