Melbourne School of Population and Global Health - Research Publications
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ItemNo Preview AvailablePerceptions of sex-role stereotypes, self-concept, and nursing role ideal in Chinese nursing students(BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, 2002-02)AIM: This study examined the relationship between sex-role stereotypes, self-concept and the requisite personality characteristics of an ideal nurse in a cohort of Hong Kong nursing students. METHODS: To rate these concepts a measure of eight comprehensive dimensions of personality perception was administered to 177 nursing students, studying on preregistration and postregistration programs at a Hong Kong tertiary institution. Both male and female nursing students perceived an ideal nurse to possess a profile of traits including being high on the dimensions of emotional stability, application, intellect, helpfulness and restraint. RESULTS: No significant difference between the self-ratings of the male and female students was found, indicating that male students had undergone a highly self-selective process when choosing nursing education under the influence of Chinese cultural stereotypical attitudes towards nursing. A typical Chinese nurse was rated as similar to the typical female in Chinese society by both male and female nursing students. A typical Chinese nurse was rated relatively low on the masculine dimensions of openness, extroversion and assertiveness. The self-ratings of male nursing students more closely approximated the ideal nurse than did the self-ratings of female nursing students. CONCLUSION: The conclusions highlight implications for the recruitment and education of both male and female nursing students in Hong Kong society.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableAssessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin in southern Viet Nam(ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE, 2001)Resistance to antimalarial chemotherapy is a major concern for malaria control in Viet Nam. In this study undertaken in 1998, 65 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were monitored for 28 days after completion of a 5-day treatment course with artemisinin. Overall 36.9% (24/65) of patients had recurrent parasitaemia during the surveillance period. P. falciparum isolates were tested for sensitivity in vitro to chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and results were compared to those from a similar study in 1995. Increased parasite sensitivity to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, chloroquine and quinine was demonstrated, with significantly lower mean EC50 and EC99 values in 1998 compared to 1995. Parasite sensitivity to mefloquine did not differ significantly in the 2 surveys. Isolates were also tested for sensitivity in vitro to artemisinin in the 1998 survey. The mean EC50 was 0.03 mumol/L and the EC99 was 0.94 mumol/L. Parasite sensitivity to artemisinin will need to be monitored in view of its increasing use in Viet Nam.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableSchistosomiasis in Australian travellers to Africa(AUSTRALASIAN MED PUBL CO LTD, 1998-01-05)
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ItemNo Preview AvailableSchistosomiasis in Australian travellers to Africa(WILEY, 1997-03-17)OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of Australian travellers to Africa at risk of Schistosoma infection, and the proportion of those infected. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective postal survey of 360 patients who had attended Fairfield Hospital travel clinic in 1994 and stated an intention to travel to Malawi, Zimbabwe or Botswana. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported risk status for Schistosoma infection. For those at risk, results of an indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA). For those with IHA titres > or = 1:32, results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, urine microscopy and eosinophil count. RESULTS: 360 letters were sent; 35 were returned to sender. Of the 325 remaining, 250 (77%) either responded or had an IHA test; 19 of these were still overseas or did not travel. 117/231 (51%) returned travellers considered themselves at risk of infection. Significantly fewer older patients reported exposure (chi 2 = 66.6; P < 0.001). 109/117 (93%) of those at risk had IHA tests and 18 had titres > or = 1:32. Subsequent testing indicated infection in 10/117 travellers (8.5%; 95% CI, 4.2%-15.2%). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that a considerable number of Australian travellers to Africa are at risk of schistosomiasis, and some are infected. As complications can be serious, screening is recommended for individuals with any risk of infection, and treatment should be offered to those infected.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableChemoprophylaxis and treatment of malaria.( 1994-09)Prevention of malaria morbidity relies on the use of personal protection from mosquito bites, appropriate chemoprophylactic drugs, and early investigation of symptoms in returning travellers. Malaria chemoprophylaxis must be tailored to the individual patient's travel and personal needs, and no chemoprophylaxis is completely effective. Chloroquine alone is adequate for those areas with P vivax, or sensitive P falciparum but in most circumstances the choice will be between mefloquine and doxycycline. The specific area visited, the time spent there and the individual's medical history will help determine the final choice.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableAGE AND STRAIN TRANSCENDING IMMUNITY TO PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM - REPLY(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 1994-08)
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ItemNo Preview AvailableCLINICAL IMMUNITY TO PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM - REPLY(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 1994-02)
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ItemNo Preview AvailablePROTECTION, PATHOGENESIS AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 1993-08)Why does Plasmodium falciparum cause severe illness in some but not all infections? How is clinical immunity acquired? These questions have intrigued investigators since the clinical epidemiology of malaria was first described. The search for answers to both questions has highlighted the changes that take place at the surface of infected red blood cells during the last half of the erythrocytic cycle. These changes specify the antigenic and adhesive or cytoadherence phenotypes for the infected cell. Now the antigenic and adhesive phenotypes appear to be linked and together undergo clonal variation. In this article David Roberts, Beverley-Ann Biggs, Graham Brown and Christopher Newbold explain how clonal phenotypic variation and the linkage between adhesive and antigenic types contribute to our understanding of naturally acquired immunity and of pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableADHERENCE OF INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES TO VENULAR ENDOTHELIUM SELECTS FOR ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM(AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 1992-09-15)Erythrocytes (E) infected with asexual forms of malaria parasites exhibit surface antigenic variation. In Plasmodium falciparum infections, the variant Ag is the P. falciparum E membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). This molecule may also mediate the adherence of infected E to host venular endothelium. We show here that parasite lines selected for increased adherence to endothelial cells have undergone antigenic variation. Three adherent lines selected from the same P. falciparum clone reacted with the same agglutinating antiserum that failed to agglutinate the parental clone. Immunoprecipitation experiments with the agglutinating anti-serum demonstrated that the selected lines expressed cross-reactive forms of PfEMP1 that were of higher m.w. and antigenically distinct from PfEMP1 of the parental clone. When one of the adherent lines was cloned in the absence of selection, a range of variant antigenic types emerged with differing cytoadherence phenotypes. These findings show that selection for cytoadherence in vitro favors the emergence of antigenic variants of P. falciparum and suggest that the requirement for cytoadherence in vivo may restrict the range of antigenic variants of P. falciparum in natural infections.
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ItemANTIGENIC VARIATION IN PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM(NATL ACAD SCIENCES, 1991-10)Antigenic variation of infectious organisms is a major factor in evasion of the host immune response. However, there has been no definitive demonstration of this phenomenon in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, cloned parasites were examined serologically and biochemically for the expression of erythrocyte surface antigens. A cloned line of P. falciparum gave rise to progeny that expressed antigenically distinct forms of an erythrocyte surface antigen but were otherwise identical. This demonstrates that antigenic differences on the surface of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes can arise by antigenic variation of clonal parasite populations. The antigenic differences were shown to result from antigenic variation of the parasite-encoded protein, the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1.