Infrastructure Engineering - Research Publications
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ItemDeveloping and testing a 3D cadastral data model: a case study in Australia(ISPRS Comm V Symposium, 2012-07-16)Population growth, urbanization and industrialization place more pressure on land use with the need for increased space. To extend the use and functionality of the land, complex infrastructures are being built, both vertically and horizontally, layered and stacked. These three-dimensional (3D) developments affect the interests (Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs)) attached to the underlying land. A 3D cadastre will assist in managing the effects of 3D development on a particular extent of land. There are many elements that contribute to developing a 3D cadastre, such as existing of 3D property legislations, 3D DBMS, 3D visualization. However, data modelling is one of the most important elements of a successful 3D cadastre. As architectural models of houses and high rise buildings help their users visualize the final product, 3D cadastre data model supports 3D cadastre users to understand the structure or behavior of the system and has a template that guides them to construct and implement the 3D cadastre. Many jurisdictions, organizations and software developers have built their own cadastral data model. Land Administration Domain Model (DIS-ISO 19152, The Netherlands) and ePlan (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, Australia) are examples of existing data models. The variation between these data models is the result of different attitudes towards cadastres. However, there is a basic common thread among them all. Current cadastral data models use a 2D land-parcel concept and extend it to support 3D requirements. These data models cannot adequately manage and represent the spatial extent of 3D RRRs. Most of the current cadastral data models have been influenced by a very broad understanding of 3D cadastral concepts because better clarity in what needs to be represented and analysed in the cadastre needs to be established. This paper presents the first version of a 3D Cadastral Data Model (3DCDM_Version 1.0). 3DCDM models both the legal and physical extent of 3D properties and associated interests. The data model extends the traditional cadastral requirements to cover other applications such as urban planning and land valuation and taxation. A demonstration of a test system on the proposed data model is also presented. The test is based on a case study in Victoria, Australia to evaluate the effectiveness of the data model.
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ItemInnovative modelling and visualisation platform for sustainable cities - MUtopia(University of Moratuwa, 2012)Now more than half the world’s population lives in towns and cities and this proportion will rise to nearly two thirds by 2030. Many cities worldwide are facing acute challenges, and therefore it is essential that all future developments are carried out on a sustainable footing. Through a web-based platform, MUtopia visualises and demonstrates in a quantifiable manner what impact a planned site development would have by representing best practice in all aspects of sustainable urban living on a relatively large scale. Sites may be new suburbs or rebuilt sections of the city large enough to require systematic planning. The project focuses on the development of an integrated modelling, analysis and visualization tool that helps the government and developers to make informed decisions to achieve such sustainable urban development and implementation. MUtopia integrates the streams of energy, waste, water and transport, based on land use, as well as social and environmental factors so that various planning scenar os or dependencies between factors can be tested. It is an integrated BIM and GIS tool. MUtopia would be an international first in an area of growing interest and need.
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ItemUrban structure and transport: Melbourne case study(Transport and Traffic Organisation, Tehran, 2012-02-21)Studies about relationship between urban form and travel are generally at household level. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA) data at statistical local area (SLA) level for Melbourne, Australia were used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from personal transport. An integrated model which consists of three sub-models (car ownership, vehicle km travel, mode share) has been proposed in this paper. The model suggests that population density, distance from central business district (CBD) and dwelling types are influencing factors for urban structure measurement and can be used for estimating energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It was found that the model developed is not complex enough for considering the relationship between urban form and personal travel.
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ItemSpatio-Temporal Event Detection Using Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs)(IEEE, 2013)Event detection concerns identifying occurrence of interesting events which are meaningful and understandable. In dynamic fields, as time passes the attribute of phenomenon varies in spatial locations. Detecting events in dynamic fields requires an approach to deal with the highly granular data arriving in real time. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal event detection algorithm in dynamic fields which are monitored by wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The algorithm provides a method using probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) in WSNs to cope with the uncertainty of sensor readings. The algorithm incorporates the ability of Markov chains in temporal dependency modelling and Markov random fields theory to model the spatial dependency of sensors in a distributed fashion. Experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm demonstrates that the decentralized approach improves the F1-score to 82% and 29% better precision than simple threshold technique. In addition, the performance of the algorithm was evaluated and compared with respect to the scalability (in terms of communication complexity). In comparison with the centralized approach the decentralized algorithm can substantially improve the scalability of communication in wireless sensor networks.
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Item3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective( 2013)Population growth has prompted land administrators to re-evaluate the current land development cycle, incorporating the third dimension to enable a more complete and effective property registration system. This research, which centres on the 3D data sourcing methods, has suggested a set of data sourcing requirements. It is envisaged that the culmination of legal entities together with the geometric and semantic components of our cities in a 3D environment will enable a more complete and effective land and property information registration system that will in turn ultimately help decision-making processes in our governing bodies to better manage economic development and build sustainable communities. Focussing on two of these requirements (geometric and semantic) an investigation on data acquisition techniques is discussed. Implementation of UAV data is suggested as an effective data sourcing method, particularly for developing countries and poverty stricken areas, where low cost is critical.
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ItemStructured approach to land issues through SES elements( 2013)In order to respond to economic, social and environmental challenges, societies need sound and reliable information about their resource "land". The foremost important data set – before taking any strategic or operational decisions – is about who owns a particular piece of land. Such information is to be provided by well-organized and efficient systems such as land registration and cadastre, which are core elements of a "land administration" system. Land administration systems themselves can be considered as the basic documentation layer serving "land management" with relevant information to carry out land related activities such as land-use planning, land consolidation and other land related implementation policies. Landownership information in this context is very crucial as things always happen on somebody's land; land ownership is not the sole information though, but it is more often than not at the core of the solution. In order to take benefit on a macro-economic level of spatial or location-based information, data needs to be organized in such a way that it can be integrated and shared among stakeholders. Interoperability is key to make best use of geographic information. This can be achieved by establishing a spatial data infrastructure, which observes three conditions that will allow it to be operated in either a centralized or decentralized federated environment.
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ItemSpatially enabled land administration: paradigm shift in land information management( 2013)The administration of land is challenged by the increasing need of clients for land information and by the creation of new land related commodities and interests. In this space, spatial information and technologies can change the way business and governments manage activities and solve problems in relation to land. Much information relates to place and locations. Some of this is spatial information, but a great deal is information that can be organised according to its impact on a place. These emerging spatial technologies potentially expand the capacity of societies. They provide possibilities for ordering information that are profoundly world changing. The more difficult task involves embedding new technologies into the most conservative and fundamental processes in land information and management of the land market, particularly, into the land registries. Regardless, the opportunities provided by emerging technologies are driving changes in the way governments interact with their citizens, principally in initiatives to spatially enable their processes, as well as their information .Building on the growing need for land information and availability of spatial technologies, this paper presents two paradigm shifts in collecting and managing land information in the context of spatially enabled land administration.
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