Infrastructure Engineering - Research Publications
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ItemA review of augmented reality visualization methods for subsurface utilities(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022-01)Subsurface utilities are important assets that need to be perceived during any construction activities. Positioning and visualizing the subsurface utilities before the construction work starts has significant benefits for the effective management of construction projects. Augmented Reality (AR) is a promising technology for the visualization of subsurface utilities. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in AR visualization of subsurface utilities, including existing AR visualization methods, categorization of the methods and their drawbacks, comprehensive discussion on the challenges, research gaps and potential solutions. The paper begins with an introduction of current practice of locating subsurface utilities and an overview of different reality technologies including AR. We propose a taxonomy of AR visualization methods including X-Ray view, transparent view, shadow view, topo view, image rendering and cross-section view. We provide a comparison of existing methods in terms of quality of depth perception, occlusion of real world, complexity of visualization and parallax effect followed by a discussion of the drawbacks in these methods. Poor depth perception, parallax effect caused by the user movement, poor positional accuracy in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) deprived or indoor areas and unavailability of accurate location information for generating virtual models are identified as main challenges and topics of future research in effective AR visualization of subsurface utilities.
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ItemCorrigendum to "A review of augmented reality visualization methods for subsurface utilities (vol 51, 101498, 2022)"(Elsevier, 2022-01-01)The authors regret, Our article that was published in the previous issue of the journal contains incorrect citations to research work in a few places. The correct reference should be 140. Hansen, L.H.; Fleck, P.; Stranner, M.; Schmalstieg, D.; Arth, C. Augmented Reality for Subsurface Utility Engineering, Revisited. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2021, 27, 4119–4128. Instead of 140. Piroozfar, P.; Judd, A.; Boseley, S.; Essa, A.; Farr, E.R. Augmented reality for urban utility infrastructure: a UK perspective. In Collaboration and Integration in Construction, Engineering, Management and Technology; Springer: 2021; pp. 535–541. Additionally, Figure 20 should be referenced as 37. Eren, M.T.; Balcisoy, S. Evaluation of X-ray visualization techniques for vertical depth judgments in underground exploration. The visual Computer 2017, 34, 405–416, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-016-1346-5. Instead of 62. Doolani, S.; Wessels, C.; Kanal, V.; Sevastopoulos, C.; Jaiswal, A.; Nambiappan, H.; Makedon, F. A Review of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies for Manufacturing Training. Technologies 2020, 8, https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies8040077. And Figure 21 should be referenced as 144. Baek, J.-M.; Hong, I.-S. The Design of an Automatically Generated System for Cross Sections of Underground Utilities using Augmented Reality. International Journal of Smart Home 2013, 7, 255–264, https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2013.7.6.25. Instead of 64. Chuah, S.H.-W. Why and who will adopt extended reality technology? Literature review, synthesis, and future research agenda. Literature Review, Synthesis, and Future Research Agenda (December 13, 2018) 2018. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
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ItemRequirements of a data storage infrastructure for effective land administration systems: case study of Victoria, Australia(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2023-07-03)Land administration systems are being modernised to streamline the cadastral data lodgement. However, in many jurisdictions, cadastral data are still stored as a flat file. This method of data storage has significant limitations in terms of effective access, management, query, and analysis of cadastral data. Therefore, this study elicited the requirements and proposed an approach to automate the cadastral data storage. The proposed approach was successfully implemented within the land registry organisation in Victoria, Australia and the database management system was rigorously tested. The outcomes can potentially contribute to the implementation of a similar data storage infrastructure in other jurisdictions.
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Item3D CITYLUR: MODELLING 3D CITY LAND-USE REGULATIONS to SUPPORT ISSUING A PLANNING PERMIT(ISPRS, 2021-10-07)The applications and understanding of Land-use Regulations (LuR) are more communicable when they are linked to the digital representation of the physical world. In order to support issuing a planning permit and move towards the establishment of automated planning permit checks, this paper investigates how LuRs related to a planning permit process can be modelled in 3D called 3D CityLuR. 3D CityLuR serves as a 3D model for representing LuRs' legal extents on a city scale. It is formed based on multiple geometric modelling approaches representing LuRs, which can provide a better cognitive understanding of LuRs and subsequently facilitate LuR automatic checks. To this purpose, according to LuRs' descriptions and characteristics explained in related planning documents, key parameters representing LuRs' extent are identified (e.g. maximum distance in overlooking or maximum allowed height in building height regulations). Accordingly, to automatically model each LuR, a geometric modelling approach (e.g. Boundary Representation (B-Rep), CSG, and extrusion) that best fits with the identified key parameters is proposed. In addition, to combine 3D CityLuR with an integrated BIM-GIS environment, the level of information need in terms of geometries and semantics is specified. Finally, the paper results in a showcase for five LuRs including building height, energy efficiency protection, overshadowing open space, overlooking, and noise impacts regulations. The showcase is a proof of concept for determining how these LuRs can be modelled in 3D and combined with 3D city models based on the selected geometric modelling approaches, identified parameters, and level of information need.
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ItemIntegration of cadastral survey data into building information models(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021-07-03)
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ItemA Proposal for Streamlining 3D Digital Cadastral Data Lifecycle(MDPI, 2021-06)In urban areas, managing the lifecycle of land and property data related to interlocked and intertwined structures and infrastructure services is a grand challenge for cadastral systems. Addressing the physical and legal complexities of vertically stratified ownership arrangements is a major step towards the modernization of cadastral systems. The research problem that this study addresses is the lack of a simplified and effective approach for modelling, storing, visualizing, and querying 3D cadastral data for multi-story buildings. This research primarily leads to the development of an approach based on Building Information Modelling (BIM), as well as state-of-the-art ETL (extract, transform, load), database and visualization technologies for 3D cadastral data lifecycle management in current practices. The proposed steps for recording, preserving, and disseminating 3D cadastral data are crucial in shifting current 2D cadastral systems towards 3D digital information systems. The results showed improvements in data creation, storage, conversion, and communication when upgrading from a 2D to 3D digital cadastre. Therefore, this study confirmed that streamlining the lifecycle of cadastral data using 3D environments would mitigate issues associated with the current fragmented 2D cadastral datasets used in the multi-story developments.
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ItemLinking Land Administration Domain Model and BIM environment for 3D digital cadastre in multi-storey buildings(Elsevier BV, 2021-05-01)3D digital cadastral systems intend to provide a fully-integrated 3D view of legal boundaries and rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRR) in multi-storey properties, which is aligned with the physical reality. Our cognitive understanding of legal boundaries and RRR information is more communicable when we link it to our visual perception of the real world. However, there is a knowledge gap in logical relationships between legal and physical views as most of the existing approaches that integrate 3D legal and physical dimensions have been mainly proposed on a conceptual level. The main argument of this study is that the multi-dimensional nature of BIM provides the ability to extend this environment with concepts defined in Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for the purpose of 3D digital cadastre in buildings. Therefore, this study investigated how an open BIM-based data model, known as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), can be extended with LADM data elements to support integration of legal and physical views. This will create a linkage between LADM and BIM environment, which would subsequently provide a better cognitive understanding of legal spaces.
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ItemDesign and development of an LADM-driven 3D Land administration system: Lessons learned in Malaysia(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2021-03)Urban infrastructure has been dramatically increasing in Malaysian cities over the last decades. The current 2D-based practices are challenged by the stratified development of urban land in underground and aboveground areas. Currently, in Malaysia, surveying measurements are stored in a 2D-based cadastral database in the form of horizontal coordinates. However, this method is not capable to accommodate ownership complexities in the vertical dimension. The existing methods to capture, compute and adjust cadastral survey data need to be upgraded for the purpose of implementing a 3D land administration system (LAS) in Malaysia. The transformation from 2D to 3D LAS should be in accordance with a standard-based approach. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): ISO 19152:2012 provides an internationally accepted standard model for recording and managing cadastral data. This study aims to design and develop an LADM-driven 3D LAS for Malaysia by building on existing research carried out for LADM adoption in this country. The proposed approach includes modifications in the existing workflows for capturing 3D survey data, new architecture to support 3D land parcels, and a new database for creating an LADM-based 3D LAS in line with data requirements in Malaysia. The major part of the upgrade from 2D to a 3D environment consists of capturing, processing and management of height of survey points that define parcel boundaries. This study demonstrated and confirmed that the LADM standard plays a significant role in realising a 3D-enabled system for Malaysian land administration.
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ItemMODELLING LAND-USE REGULATION CONFLICTS with 3D COMPONENTS to SUPPORT ISSUING A BUILDING PERMIT(Copernicus GmbH, 2020-09-03)Abstract. Cities are facing important challenges due to population growth and massive development of high-rises and complex structures above and below the ground surface. In that respect, having an efficient land-use regulation framework in force is necessary for cities. In investigating current practices for processing spatial data when issuing building permits, in many cases, the planned building is drawn on 2D plans with cross-sections to represent their 3D dimensions. In complex multilevel developments, this method has significant shortcomings like the requirement of managing numerous plans and sections, and uncertainty in decisions more specifically when checking land-use regulations comprising 3D components (e.g. height limits, overhanging objects, solar rights). In order to support issuing a building permit and moving towards the establishment of 3D smart cities, this paper presents an inventory for land-use regulations with 3D components and functional classification of their possible conflicts. Two functional classifications of possible conflicts in a building permit process from two points of view (i.e. data integration process, and magnitude of land-use regulation conflicts) are proposed. These results are placed in the context of having 3D city models that integrate land-use regulation information.