Infrastructure Engineering - Research Publications

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    Awareness as a foundation for developing effective spatial data infrastructures
    CLAUSEN, CHRISTIAN ; RAJABIFARD, ABBAS ; ENEMARK, STIG ; WILLIAMSON, IAN ( 2006)
    The development of an effective spatial data infrastructure (SDI) often occurs in a fragmented organizational environment requiring a high level of inter-organizational collaboration. Different organizations from various jurisdictions needs to work together closely when agreeing on how they will jointly register, store, use and share data and how they will make their data available to the wider society. This collaboration is generally regarded as very difficult. In particular, organizational issues are considered one of the key fundamental constraints to inter-organizational sharing of spatial data. But what makes collaboration effective and successful? For example people often resist sharing data across organizational boundaries due to loss of control, power and independency. In the spatial community, the term awareness is often used when discussing issues concerned with inter-organizational collaboration. However, a major problem by using the term awareness in discussions of inter-organizational collaboration is that awareness is undefined and often misused as a term in the spatial data handling community. The (over)-use of the term awareness, without having a rigorous definition to rely upon increases the difficulty of understanding and developing collaboration issues. The difficulty in quantifying and describing issues in collaboration make the development of effective spatial data infrastructures problematic since this development should be based on a conceptual framework that clearly addresses the problems spatial organizations currently encounter. As a result, the focus of this paper is on the nature and role of awareness. It explores why and how awareness plays a fundamental role in overcoming organizational constraints and in developing collaboration between organizations. The paper discusses the concept of awareness in the area of organizational collaboration in the spatial community, explains the important role awareness plays in the development of spatial data infrastructures, and introduces a methodology to promote awareness. Furthermore, the paper aims to make people in the community more aware of the use of the term "awareness" – when to use it, how to use it and especially important, how not to use it. The paper will use land administration systems as the discipline for investigating awareness.
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    Understanding cadastral maps
    WILLIAMSON, IAN ; ENEMARK, STIG ( 1996)
    Cadastral maps are generally regarded as an essential part of the land management infrastructure in most countries yet there is often misunderstanding about their characteristics and role. Due to the vast range of different cadastral systems and resulting cadastral maps, it is very difficult to describe a “typical” cadastral map. It is the authors’ view that it is also very difficult, if not impossible, to understand the characteristics and functions of a cadastral map without understanding the respective cadastral system. As a result this paper endeavours to examine the characteristics and functions of cadastral maps by examining the cadastral mapping systems in Denmark and Australia. The Danish system is a typical “old world” European system which had its history in land taxation. The Australian systems could be considered “new world” systems which have been more heavily influenced by land market considerations. Even though the Australian and Danish cadastral systems are very similar, understanding the characteristics and functions of cadastral maps in the two systems remains difficult. This study discusses the different characteristics of cadastral maps which have been designed for different users or functions. In particular the paper concentrates on the issues concerned with developing digital multi-purpose cadastral maps. The major conclusions from the paper are that the creation and maintenance of multi-purpose digital cadastral maps is a difficult and complex task. This complexity arises to a large degree because the characteristics of a cadastral map designed to serve traditional land markets or land registration purposes are quite different from the characteristics of a modern multi-purpose cadastral map.
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    Framework for discussion of digital spatial data flow within cadastral systems
    Effenberg, Wolfgang W. ; ENEMARK, STIG ; Williamson, Ian P. ( 1999)
    Current technology and digital products such as digital cadastral maps have put pressure on institutions involved in the cadastral process to cooperate to maximise efficiencies. To discuss ways that the entire cadastral process and its users can take advantage of the opportunities offered by the current and possible future technology it is necessary to study the entire cadastral process as a single system. The authors contend that the maintenance of the digital cadastral map in any cadastral system must be viewed as a process that involves all entities in the cadastral process. This paper attempts to provide a framework, which encompasses all the spatial processes of the cadastral system, to discuss and define spatial data maintenance with a focus on the digital cadastral map. The paper proposes the concept of data flows from information systems analysis techniques to establish this discussion framework. The terminology and definitions of spatial cadastral map maintenance are defined as a basis for reviewing the digital cadastral map in a number of different jurisdictions in Australia and Europe. An examination of the processes undertaken by each of the entities or institutions within the cadastral system highlights some possible future spatial data maintenance models.
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    Capacity building in land administration - a conceptual approach
    ENEMARK, STIG ; Williamson, Ian P. (CASLE, 2004)
    Capacity building is increasingly seen as a key component of land administration projects in developing and countries in transition undertaken by the international development banks and individual country development assistance agencies. However, the capacity building concept is often used within a narrow meaning such as focusing on staff development through formal education and training programmes to meet the lack of qualified personnel in a project in the short term. This article argues that capacity building measures should be addressed in the wider context of developing institutional infrastructures for implementing land policies in a sustainable way. Where a project is established to create land administration infrastructures in developing or transition countries, it is critical that capacity building is a mainstream component, not as an add-on, which is often the case. In fact such projects should be dealt with as capacity building projects in themselves. The article introduces a conceptual analytical framework that provides some guidance when dealing with capacity building for land administration in support of a broader land policy agenda.
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    Capacity Building for SDIs
    Williamson, I. P. ; Rajabifard, A. ; Enemark, S. ( 2003)
    Capacity building is an essential component of any institutional reform such as building land administration infrastructures or spatial data infrastructures (SDI). However the capacity building concept is often used within a narrow meaning such as focusing on staff development through formal education and training programmes to meet the lack of qualified personnel in a project in the short term. This article argues that capacity building measures should be addressed in the wider context of developing and maintaining institutional infrastructures in a sustainable way, even if the key focus may be on education and training to meet short and medium term needs. This article develops the capacity building concept and looks at capacity assessment and capacity development as the two key components. Within capacity development it considers the levels and dimesions of capacity.The paper then introduces the evolving SDI concept and explores how capacity building is essential in delivering an operational SDI. In order to resolve the difficulty of applying the complex and often unclear nature of capacity building to the evolving and similarly unclear nature of SDI, capacity building for SDI in Australia is used as a case study.The paper also identifies that the SDI concept is less easily transferred to developing countries and as such raises the role of SDIs in developing countries as an important un-answered question for the Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific to consider.
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    The Cadastral Template Project
    Steudler, D. ; Williamson, I. P. ; Rajabifard, A. ; Enemark, S. ( 2004)
    While many country reports have been compiled in the area of land administration over thelast decade, there has not much attention been given to the basic cadastral issues. As a result,one of the objectives of Working Group 3 "Cadastre" of the PCGIAP is the establishment of acadastral template, which is basically a standard form to be filled out by cadastralorganizations presenting their national cadastral system. The aims are to understand the rolethat a cadastre plays in a state or national SDI and to compare best practice as a basis forimproving cadastres as a key component of SDIs.The work of the PCGIAP-Working Group 3 "Cadastre" is being done in collaboration withCommission 7 "Cadastre and Land Management" of the International Federation ofSurveyors (FIG), which has extensive experience in comparative cadastral studies. Thisarticle describes the creation and the content of the cadastral template and the expectedoutcomes.
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    Building modern land administration systems in developed economies
    ENEMARK, STIG ; Williamson, Ian P. ; Wallace, J. (Mapping Sciences Institute Australia (MISA), 2005)
    Land Administration Systems (LAS) are institutional frameworks complicated by the tasks they must perform, by national cultural, political and judicial settings, and by technology. This paper assists sharing LAS among countries with diverse legal systems and institutional structures by identifying an ideal and historically neutral LAS model for • servicing the needs of governments, business and the public, • utilising the latest technologies, • servicing rights, responsibilities, restrictions and risks in relation to land, and • delivering much broader information about sustainable development. Case studies of Denmark and Victoria are used to assess the model.
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    Incorporating sustainable development objectives into land administration
    WILLIAMSON, IAN ; ENEMARK, STIG ; WALLACE, JUDE ( 2006)
    Historically, land administration systems (LAS) were built to support land markets and land taxation systems. In developed countries, these systems constitute substantial infrastructure provided through government for the benefit of overall public administration, citizens and businesses. These systems are expensive to maintain and increasingly reliant on technology. The design of LAS will become even more complex as they are now being used to assist delivery of a broader range of public policy and economic goals, the most important of which is sustainable development. The national and historical methods used to incorporate sustainable development objectives into national LAS were examined in an Expert Group Meeting (EGM) in Melbourne in December, 2006 with leading stakeholders and land policy experts from Australia and Europe. Distinctions between approaches used in modern European democracies and in Australia were identified. The European approach showed more integration between the standard LAS activities and measures of sustainability. Australian policy was more fractured, partly due to federation and the constitutional distribution of powers. In contrast, Australian LAS pioneering lay in incorporating market based instruments (MBI) and complex commodities into LAS and revitalization of land information through inventive Web based initiatives. The EGM developed a vision outlined in this paper for future LAS sufficiently flexible to adapt to this changing world of new technology, novel market demands and sustainable development.
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    Understanding land administration systems [1]
    Williamson, Ian Philip ; ENEMARK, STIG ; WALLACE, JUDE ; RAJABIFARD, ABBAS (Centre of Geo-Information Technologies, 2008)
    This paper introduces basic land administration theory and highlights four key concepts that are fundamental to understanding modern land administration systems - firstly the land management paradigm and its influence on the land administration framework, secondly the role that the cadastre plays in contributing to sustainable development, thirdly the changing nature of ownership and the role of land markets, and lastly a land management vision that promotes land administration in support of sustainable development and spatial enablement of society. We present here the first part of the paper. The second part that focuses on the changing role of ownership and the role of land markets, and a land management vision will be published in November issue of Coordinates.
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    Understanding land administration systems [2]
    Williamson, Ian Philip ; ENEMARK, STIG ; WALLACE, JUDE ; RAJABIFARD, ABBAS (Centre of Geo-Information Technologies, 2008)
    This paper introduces basic land administration theory and highlights four key concepts that are fundamental to understanding modern land administration systems. Readers may recall the first part of the paper in October Issue of Coordinates. Here is the concluding part that focuses on the changing role of ownership and the role of land markets.