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    The Delivery of Person-Centered Care for People Living With Dementia in Residential Aged Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Berkovic, D ; Macrae, A ; Gulline, H ; Horsman, P ; Soh, S-E ; Skouteris, H ; Ayton, D ; Heyn, PC (OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2023-05-05)
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Person-centred care is the gold standard of care for people living with dementia, yet few systematic reviews have detailed how it is delivered in practice. This mixed-methods review aimed to examine the delivery of person-centred care, and its effectiveness, for people living with dementia in residential aged care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eligible studies were identified across four databases. Quantitative and qualitative studies containing data on person-centred care delivered to people with dementia living in residential aged care were included. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was conducted where more than three studies measured the same outcome. A narrative meta-synthesis approach was undertaken to categorise verbatim participant quotes into representative themes. Risk of bias was undertaken using quality appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Forty-one studies were identified for inclusion. There were 34 person-centred care initiatives delivered, targeting 14 person-centred care outcomes. Three outcomes could be pooled. Meta-analyses demonstrated no reduction in agitation (standardised mean difference -0.27, 95% CI -0.58, 0.03), improvement in quality of life (standardised mean difference -0.63, 95% CI -1.95, 0.70), or reduced neuropsychiatric symptoms (mean difference -1.06, 95% CI -2.16, 0.05). Narrative meta-synthesis revealed barriers (for example, time constraints) and enablers (for example, staff collaboration) to providing person-centred care from a staff perspective. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The effectiveness of person-centred care initiatives delivered to people with dementia in residential aged care is conflicting. Further high-quality research over an extended time is required to identify how person-centred care can be best implemented to improve resident outcomes.
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    Co-designing a curriculum model for career education: perspectives from regional communities in Australia
    Mahat, M ; Dollinger, M ; D'Angelo, B ; Naylor, R ; Harvey, A (SPRINGER, 2023-04)
    The vocational experiences and skills of young adolescents could be infused into formal education by identifying career competencies to be taught within the academic curriculum. Such curriculum practices that embed educational and career pathways must also include the perspectives of students and the community, particularly those from marginalised groups. Drawing on data from 111 teachers, principals, carers and students, this paper presents research undertaken to co-design career education lesson plans within an infused model of the curriculum for early Middle Year students from regional, rural, and remote Australia. The lesson plans and activities were designed to allow for meaningful self-reflection and goal-setting that could be seamlessly infused into the formal curriculum and help embed early-stage career education. The paper concludes by projecting opportunities and challenges for seamless curriculum integration, while pertinent to the Australian context, can also be read with broader relevance to other educational systems and schools.
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    The psychometric properties and minimal clinically important difference for disability assessment using WHODAS 2.0 in critically ill patients
    Higgins, AM ; Neto, AS ; Bailey, M ; Barrett, J ; Bellomo, R ; Cooper, DJ ; Gabbe, B ; Linke, N ; Myles, PS ; Paton, M ; Philpot, S ; Shulman, M ; Young, M ; Hodgson, CL (AUSTRALASIAN MED PUBL CO LTD, 2021-03)
    Objectives: The 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) provides a standardised method for measuring health and disability. This study aimed to determine its reliability, validity and responsiveness and to establish the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in critically ill patients. Design: Prospective, multicentre cohort study. Setting: Intensive care units of six metropolitan hospitals. Participants: Adults mechanically ventilated for > 24 hours. Main outcome measures: Reliability was assessed by measuring internal consistency. Construct validity was assessed by comparing WHODAS 2.0 scores at 6 months with the EuroQoL visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale scores. Responsiveness was evaluated by assessing change over time, effect sizes, and percentage of patients showing no change. The MCID was calculated using both anchor and distribution-based methods with triangulation of results. Main results: A baseline and 6-month WHODAS 2.0 score were available for 448 patients. The WHODAS 2.0 demonstrated good correlation between items with no evidence of item redundancy. Cronbach α coefficient was 0.91 and average split-half coefficient was 0.91. There was a moderate correlation between the WHODAS 2.0 and the EQ VAS scores (r = -0.72; P < 0.001) and between the WHODAS 2.0 and the Lawton IADL scores (r = -0.66; P < 0.001) at 6 months. The effect sizes for change in the WHODAS 2.0 score from baseline to 3 months and from 3 to 6 months were low. Ceiling effects were not present and floor effects were present at baseline only. The final MCID estimate was 10%. Conclusion: The 12-item WHODAS 2.0 is a reliable, valid and responsive measure of disability in critically ill patients. A change in the total WHODAS 2.0 score of 10% represents the MCID.
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    Knowledge, confidence, attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists and physiotherapy students working with people with dementia: A mixed-methods systematic review
    Quick, S ; Snowdon, DA ; Lawler, K ; McGinley, J ; Soh, SE ; Callisaya, ML (Wiley, 2021-12-01)
    BACKGROUND: Clinical care for people with dementia as a primary diagnosis, or as a co-morbidity, can be complex. Physiotherapists play a key role in the care of people living with dementia in multiple settings. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and confidence of physiotherapists and physiotherapy students when working with people with dementia. METHOD: This was a mixed-methods systematic review that included qualitative and quantitative studies. Participants were physiotherapists working in any clinical specialty (e.g. gerontology, orthopaedic, neurological, cardio-respiratory), and physiotherapy students who had completed at least one clinical placement. If studies investigated physiotherapist and physiotherapy students' knowledge, confidence, attitudes or beliefs on working with a general population of older adults, they were excluded. The phenomena of interest and context were attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and confidence when working with people with dementia in any setting. Eleven databases were searched. Data synthesis followed a convergent integrated approach according to Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for mixed methods systematic reviews. RESULT: 15 studies were eligible for inclusion (9 quantitative and 6 qualitative studies). There were 5 key themes: rehabilitation potential (variable outcomes, poor potential), challenges in dementia care (communication, behaviour, cognition, risk, stress and burnout), education in dementia practice (inadequate training and knowledge, importance of experience), specialised area of practice (complexity of presentation, nuance of care, importance of time, holistic approach) and unsupportive systems (environment, time, risk aversion). One code, lack of desire to provide dementia care, did not contribute to any themes. CONCLUSION: Physiotherapists and physiotherapy students have low levels of knowledge and confidence in several areas important to working with people with dementia. With higher levels of knowledge and confidence associated with more positive attitudes and beliefs, dementia education needs of physiotherapists at all levels needs to be addressed.
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    Development and validation of the Gender-Equity Model for Liver Allocation (GEMA) to prioritise candidates for liver transplantation: a cohort study
    Rodriguez-Peralvarez, ML ; Gomez-Orellana, AM ; Majumdar, A ; Bailey, M ; McCaughan, GW ; Gow, P ; Guerrero, M ; Taylor, R ; Guijo-Rubio, D ; Hervas-Martinez, C ; Tsochatzis, EA (ELSEVIER INC, 2023-03)
    BACKGROUND: The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and its sodium-corrected variant (MELD-Na) have created gender disparities in accessing liver transplantation. We aimed to derive and validate the Gender-Equity Model for liver Allocation (GEMA) and its sodium-corrected variant (GEMA-Na) to amend such inequities. METHODS: In this cohort study, the GEMA models were derived by replacing creatinine with the Royal Free Hospital glomerular filtration rate (RFH-GFR) within the MELD and MELD-Na formulas, with re-fitting and re-weighting of each component. The new models were trained and internally validated in adults listed for liver transplantation in the UK (2010-20; UK Transplant Registry) using generalised additive multivariable Cox regression, and externally validated in an Australian cohort (1998-2020; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital [Australian National Liver Transplant Unit] and Austin Hospital [Victorian Liver Transplant Unit]). The study comprised 9320 patients: 5762 patients for model training, 1920 patients for internal validation, and 1638 patients for external validation. The primary outcome was mortality or delisting due to clinical deterioration within the first 90 days from listing. Discrimination was assessed by Harrell's concordance statistic. FINDINGS: 449 (5·8%) of 7682 patients in the UK cohort and 87 (5·3%) of 1638 patients in the Australian cohort died or were delisted because of clinical deterioration within 90 days. GEMA showed improved discrimination in predicting mortality or delisting due to clinical deterioration within the first 90 days after waiting list inclusion compared with MELD (Harrell's concordance statistic 0·752 [95% CI 0·700-0·804] vs 0·712 [0·656-0·769]; p=0·001 in the internal validation group and 0·761 [0·703-0·819] vs 0·739 [0·682-0·796]; p=0·036 in the external validation group), and GEMA-Na showed improved discrimination compared with MELD-Na (0·766 [0·715-0·818] vs 0·742 [0·686-0·797]; p=0·0058 in the internal validation group and 0·774 [0·720-0·827] vs 0·745 [0·690-0·800]; p=0·014 in the external validation group). The discrimination capacity of GEMA-Na was higher in women than in the overall population, both in the internal (0·802 [0·716-0·888]) and external validation cohorts (0·796 [0·698-0·895]). In the pooled validation cohorts, GEMA resulted in a score change of at least 2 points compared with MELD in 1878 (52·8%) of 3558 patients (25·0% upgraded and 27·8% downgraded). GEMA-Na resulted in a score change of at least 2 points compared with MELD-Na in 1836 (51·6%) of 3558 patients (32·3% upgraded and 19·3% downgraded). In the whole cohort, 3725 patients received a transplant within 90 days of being listed. Of these patients, 586 (15·7%) would have been differently prioritised by GEMA compared with MELD; 468 (12·6%) patients would have been differently prioritised by GEMA-Na compared with MELD-Na. One in 15 deaths could potentially be avoided by using GEMA instead of MELD and one in 21 deaths could potentially be avoided by using GEMA-Na instead of MELD-Na. INTERPRETATION: GEMA and GEMA-Na showed improved discrimination and a significant re-classification benefit compared with existing scores, with consistent results in an external validation cohort. Their implementation could save a clinically meaningful number of lives, particularly among women, and could amend current gender inequities in accessing liver transplantation. FUNDING: Junta de Andalucía and EDRF.
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    Progressive Spinal Cord Degeneration in Friedreich's Ataxia: Results from ENIGMA-Ataxia.
    Rezende, TJR ; Adanyeguh, IM ; Arrigoni, F ; Bender, B ; Cendes, F ; Corben, LA ; Deistung, A ; Delatycki, M ; Dogan, I ; Egan, GF ; Göricke, SL ; Georgiou-Karistianis, N ; Henry, P-G ; Hutter, D ; Jahanshad, N ; Joers, JM ; Lenglet, C ; Lindig, T ; Martinez, ARM ; Martinuzzi, A ; Paparella, G ; Peruzzo, D ; Reetz, K ; Romanzetti, S ; Schöls, L ; Schulz, JB ; Synofzik, M ; Thomopoulos, SI ; Thompson, PM ; Timmann, D ; Harding, IH ; França, MC (Wiley, 2023-01)
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    Mof (MYST1 or KAT8) is essential for progression of embryonic development past the blastocyst stage and required for normal chromatin architecture
    Thomas, T ; Dixon, MP ; Kueh, AJ ; Voss, AK (AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2008-08)
    Acetylation of histone tails is a hallmark of transcriptionally active chromatin. Mof (males absent on the first; also called MYST1 or KAT8) is a member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases and was originally discovered as an essential component of the X chromosome dosage compensation system in Drosophila. In order to examine the role of Mof in mammals in vivo, we generated mice carrying a null mutation of the Mof gene. All Mof-deficient embryos fail to develop beyond the expanded blastocyst stage and die at implantation in vivo. Mof-deficient cell lines cannot be derived from Mof(-/-) embryos in vitro. Mof(-/-) embryos fail to acetylate histone 4 lysine 16 (H4K16) but have normal acetylation of other N-terminal histone lysine residues. Mof(-/-) cell nuclei exhibit abnormal chromatin aggregation preceding activation of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. We conclude that Mof is functionally nonredundant with the closely related MYST histone acetyltransferase Tip60. Our results show that Mof performs a different role in mammals from that in flies at the organism level, although the molecular function is conserved. We demonstrate that Mof is required specifically for the maintenance of H4K16 acetylation and normal chromatin architecture of all cells of early male and female embryos.
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    Gata-3 Negatively Regulates the Tumor-Initiating Capacity of Mammary Luminal Progenitor Cells and Targets the Putative Tumor Suppressor Caspase-14
    Asselin-Labat, M-L ; Sutherland, KD ; Vaillant, F ; Gyorki, DE ; Wu, D ; Holroyd, S ; Breslin, K ; Ward, T ; Shi, W ; Bath, ML ; Deb, S ; Fox, SB ; Smyth, GK ; Lindeman, GJ ; Visvader, JE (AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2011-11)
    The transcription factor Gata-3 is a definitive marker of luminal breast cancers and a key regulator of mammary morphogenesis. Here we have explored a role for Gata-3 in tumor initiation and the underlying cellular mechanisms using a mouse model of "luminal-like" cancer. Loss of a single Gata-3 allele markedly accelerated tumor progression in mice carrying the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter-driven polyomavirus middle T antigen (MMTV-PyMT mice), while overexpression of Gata-3 curtailed tumorigenesis. Through the identification of two distinct luminal progenitor cells in the mammary gland, we demonstrate that Gata-3 haplo-insufficiency increases the tumor-initiating capacity of these progenitors but not the stem cell-enriched population. Overexpression of a conditional Gata-3 transgene in the PyMT model promoted cellular differentiation and led to reduced tumor-initiating capacity as well as diminished angiogenesis. Transcript profiling studies identified caspase-14 as a novel downstream target of Gata-3, in keeping with its roles in differentiation and tumorigenesis. A strong association was evident between GATA-3 and caspase-14 expression in preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ samples, where GATA-3 also displayed prognostic significance. Overall, these studies identify GATA-3 as an important regulator of tumor initiation through its ability to promote the differentiation of committed luminal progenitor cells.
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    A multicentre point prevalence study of delirium assessment and management in patients admitted to Australian and New Zealand intensive care units
    Ankravs, MJ ; Udy, AA ; Byrne, K ; Knowles, S ; Hammond, N ; Saxena, MK ; Reade, MC ; Bailey, M ; Bellomo, R ; Deane, AM (AUSTRALASIAN MED PUBL CO LTD, 2020-12)
    Objective: To characterise the assessment and management of delirium in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: We conducted a multicentre observational point prevalence study across 44 adult Australian and New Zealand ICUs. Data were extracted for all patients in the ICU in terms of assessment and treatment of delirium. ICU-level data were collected regarding the use of explicit protocols related to delirium. Results: We studied 627 patients, with 54% (336/627) having at least one delirium screening assessment performed. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) was the most frequently used tool (88%, 296/336). Of patients assessed, 20% (68) were identified to have delirium. Eighteen per cent (111) of patients were administered a drug to manage delirium, with 41% (46) of those receiving a drug having no recorded assessment for delirium on that day. Of the drugs used to treat delirium, quetiapine was the most frequently administered. Physical restraints were applied to 8% (48/626) of patients, but only 17% (8/48) of such patients had been diagnosed with delirium. Most physically restrained patients either did not have delirium diagnosed (31%, 15/48) or had no formal assessment recorded (52%, 25/48) on that day. Conclusions: On the study day, more than 50% of patients had a delirium screening assessment performed, with 20% of screened patients deemed to have delirium. Drugs that are prescribed to treat delirium and physical restraints were frequently used in the absence of delirium or the formal assessment for its presence.
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    An efficient deep neural model for detecting crowd anomalies in videos
    Yang, M ; Tian, S ; Rao, AS ; Rajasegarar, S ; Palaniswami, M ; Zhou, Z (Springer, 2023-06-01)
    Identifying unusual crowd events is highly challenging, laborious, and prone to errors in video surveillance applications. We propose a novel end-to-end deep learning architecture called Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoder (DeepSDAE) to address these challenges, comprising SDAE, VGG16 and Plane-based one-class Support Vector Machine (SVM), abbreviated as PSVM, to detect anomalies such as stationary people in an active scene or loitering activities in a crowded scene. The DeepSDAE framework is a hybrid deep learning architecture. It consists of a four-layered SDAE and an enhanced convolutional neural network (CNN) model. Our framework employs Reinforcement Learning to optimise the learning parameters to detect crowd anomalies. We use the Markov Decision Process (MDP) with Deep Q-learning to find the optimal Q value. We also present a late fusion procedure to combine individual decisions from the intermediate and final layers of the SDAE and VGG16 networks to detect different anomalies. Our experiments on four real-world datasets reveal the superior performance of our proposed framework in detecting (frame-level and pixel-level) anomalies.