School of Social and Political Sciences - Theses

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    Indigenous resurgence and self-determination in Southeast Asia
    Thomas, Anya ( 2023-05)
    The UNDRIP is the most comprehensive international instrument setting out the rights of Indigenous peoples, including the right to self-determination. While it did not create new rights, the UNDRIP introduced what some theorists argue is a “relational” model of self-determination, whereby Indigenous peoples exercise their right to self-determination in relationship with states. Some Southeast Asian countries have substantive legal and constitutional recognition and protections of Indigenous rights, including self-determination. There are also examples of Indigenous-state multilevel governance arrangements that empower self-determination at the local level, particularly in land and resource management. However, despite some such innovations and commitments in international and domestic law, Indigenous peoples’ rights in the region are largely ignored by governments. Indeed, the experience of ongoing colonisation connects Indigenous peoples globally. Indigenous resurgence, a growing body of decolonisation literature from North America proposes radical alternatives to the colonial relationship between Indigenous peoples and states. Central to resurgence theory is the assertion that Indigenous peoples should disengage from the state in order to protect themselves from further colonial harm and instead focus energies on their nationhood-building priorities. Then, from positions of renewed strength, engage with states in order to achieve political relationships based on mutuality and autonomy. This thesis considers how Indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia are defining and pursuing their right to self-determination, and whether these definitions and efforts reflect the tenets of Indigenous resurgence. To undertake this investigation, two original theoretical frameworks based on resurgence theory are applied to empirical findings about how self-determination is defined and pursued in the region. The findings show that self-determination in Southeast Asia can be understood in three ways: as a movement, an objective and a “toolbox” of tactics for interacting with states. Evidence of an Indigenous resurgence occurring across the region is reflective of Indigenous resurgence movements taking place in settle-colonial countries. As an objective, self-determination is a multifaceted pursuit, ranging from a pathway out of poverty to political power, and broadly consists of three domains: socio-economic wellbeing, civil rights, and cultural 'thrival'. As a “toolbox”, self-determination is being exercised via a trend of nine tactics that Indigenous peoples are strategically employing in their interactions with states. This thesis shows Indigenous resurgence is resonant in these objectives and tactics and fills a gap in the literature about Indigenous peoples’ political aspirations in Southeast Asia, advancing understanding of how self-determination as a relationship between Indigenous nations and states might be realised in the region. To this end, a novel relationship model is presented as a guide for Indigenous-state political relationships. The thesis also demonstrates the global reach of Indigenous resurgence theory, contributing to the ongoing global dialogue on the transformational impact of Indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination in international and domestic political spheres.
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    ‘Captain Cook was a S**t C**t’ or ‘a nation less divided’? Indigenous Sovereignty, Settler Common Sense and Australian Media
    Kunjan, Priya ( 2022)
    The Australian settler state's claim to political legitimacy relies on the disavowal of Indigenous sovereignty, alongside a constant renewal of possessive investments in the nation. However, the persistence of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ sovereign relationships to the lands and waters across Australia continues to unsettle the dominant narrative of a singular, justified settler authority. This thesis investigates competing claims to Indigenous and settler sovereignties made in relation to Australia's national day, January 26, which marks the advent of forcible appropriation of Indigenous land by the British in 1788. The thesis employs a mixed-methods analysis of public discourse around January 26, as captured across 895 mainstream and independent media items and 25 instances of official communication from political figures, to explore how claims to sovereignty are embedded in discussions about history, time, identity and nationhood in Australia. Informed by a theoretical framework attuned to relationships between epistemology, race and representation, the thesis’ analysis reveals that settler claims to sovereignty and representations of Indigenous peoples’ political incapacity circulate discursively as taken-for-granted, common sense components of contemporary Australian nationalism. Despite Australia’s shift in self-representation from a white ethno-state to a liberal multicultural democracy over the past four decades, its existence continues to rely the suppression of unceded Indigenous sovereignty. Rather than engaging with the substance of Indigenous peoples’ political claims, liberal multiculturalist nationalism is oriented towards the development of a more inclusive form of settler coloniality through processes of recognition. Against this, a subset of Indigenous activists and commentators across both mainstream and independent media continue to challenge reductive representations of their resistance against nationalist celebrations on January 26 as being primarily about insufficient recognition by the state and settler polity. Maintaining a focus on the fundamental illegitimacy of the Australian settler state, these individuals articulate comprehensive but frequently sidelined political analyses of sovereignty, race and resistance against ongoing colonisation.
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    Structure and event: the politics and poetics of settler colonial critique
    Al-Asaad, Faisal ( 2021)
    In recent years, the study and critique of settler colonialism has emerged as a distinct and key area of scholarship with a notable presence across the humanities and social sciences. This scholarly field has made a significant contribution to the critical study of race, colonialism, and empire, and many of its concepts and ideas are fairly prevalent and recognisable in both academic and activist spaces. This thesis examines the imaginary of settler colonial critique, highlighting some of its key terms and tendencies in order to reflect on the analytic and political effects, as well as analytic and political potential, of this critical practice. The discussion explores the structure of a critical narrative that gives this practice its efficacy and distinct character, while also generating some persistent questions for its practitioners. One of these questions can be understood as that of the colonial subject or the subject of race, and this thesis suggests that settler colonial critique reintroduces this question in a way that is both problematic and productive. It further suggests that the way in which a critical imaginary stages its subject is consequential for its analytic and political efficacy. To explore these questions, the discussion looks closely at the work of late historian and scholar, Patrick Wolfe, which has been formative for the emergence of settler colonial studies and in the articulation of its critical narrative and vocabulary. It highlights the multiple analytic possibilities in this work and considers the political and pedagogic motivations that shaped its imaginary. It further situates the latter in the onto-epistemic conditions of critique and critical practice, privileging the historical intersection of anthropological and Marxist thought and exploring this as a crucial if contradictory site for reimagining social forms and historical determinacy. I show how Wolfe’s theorising shapes the analytic gaze of settler colonial critique, and how the latter comes to predominantly ‘see’ or understand the social and historical logics of determinacy by which settler colonial practices and subjects are constituted. Critical responses to settler colonial studies have been alert to the problems of determinacy that have emerged as a result. While my argument is in conversation with these responses, it also departs from them by suggesting that Wolfe’s work remains highly instructive for reimagining and renarrating settler colonialism’s logic of social and historical determinacy in ways that can be analytically productive and politically enabling. The emphasis on the notion of the critical imaginary therefore is a way of arguing that settler colonial critique is a practice that participates in realising ethico-political possibilities in the process of imagining them and the subjects that embody them.