School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - Theses
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ItemA woman of spirit: Lorna Osborn (1922-2011) and her circles: citizenship and influence through religion and education( 2011)This thesis explores the life of the prominent and influential Victorian Methodist and Uniting Churchwoman and educator, Lorna Osborn (nee Grierson) who taught for a quarter of a century at Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School. It analyses aspects of her family background, her education at school and university, her marriage and children, and the formation of the networks that underwrote her religious, social and educational activities as a mature woman from the 1940s to the 1980s. Though Australian women received political citizenship at federal level in 1902 following Federation, male-dominated social structures meant that most women, particularly if they were married and mothers of young children, seldom accessed positions that entailed influence, authority and effective leadership in business, politics or many of the professions, prior to the changed consciousness about gender following the second-wave feminist campaigns of the 1970s. The thesis illuminates how Protestant Christianity, especially Methodism, though it set limits to acceptable female behaviour, also provided spaces for women's agency outside the strictly domestic sphere. Osborn herself did not try to enter male preserves. Esteemed as an active and efficient churchwoman, she was able to operate at high levels in church affairs. Stemming from this foundation, Osborn was embedded in supporting networks which later helped her forge an impressive career at Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School, where fresh circles of colleagues and students invigorated and extended her possibilities for innovation. Educationally on the conservative wing, Osborn's strong adherence to Christianity and to advancing the rights of girls to higher education drove her impressive, dynamic career that promoted talented middle-class girls into an advantaged position to compete academically and professionally in the wider society. This study of Lorna Osborn's life throws light onto the experience of many other women in her circles.
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ItemAn imperial partnership: the marriage of Henry and Alice Northcote( 2011)This thesis examines the lives of two Victorian era aristocrats, Henry (Harry) Stafford Northcote and Alice Stephen Northcote, who married in 1873, and in 1900 began an eight-year career in colonial government. It reviews in particular their negotiation of the system of imperial power that they represented, first in Bombay (1900-1903) and then in Australia (1904-1908). The combination of attention to biographical specificities and the various social and political contexts of the Northcotes' engagements allows the details of their lives to illuminate issues of wider historical significance. The study encompasses two different biographical challenges: interpreting the various correspondences that make up the main source of information about Harry; and discovering Alice despite a paucity of primary source material. Harry, scion of a minor aristocratic dynasty, first served in British politics what proved to be an apprenticeship for colonial service, while Alice, as the adopted daughter of a self-made millionaire, was a socially aspiring society hostess and little else. The couple experienced a dramatic life change at the end of the century: the means of resolving a painful predicament gave both Northcotes the opportunity to find personal renewal and professional fulfilment. They performed in the colonies with a measure of grace and humanity but, imbued as they were with the values of their era and class, Harry and Alice delivered what the British Empire required; they never questioned the ethos or mode of delivery. What the Empire required was always and everywhere the political, economic and social domination of others, particularly those of cultural and racial difference, for the ultimate benefit of the Mother Country and British colonials. In India Harry and Alice made separate but related efforts to impose Western standards of sanitation and medicine. Harry's administration was principally concerned with providing immediate relief for catastrophic famine, and the implementation of Western methods of dealing with epidemics of plague and smallpox. Alice's work involved raising revenue for the Dufferin Fund, a charitable venture characteristic of Victorian era philanthropy: a combination of culturally specific assistance and control. Harry's job description changed when he became governor general of the newly federated Australia. He moved from autocratic rule in a colony of extraction to performing a leading role in a constitutional monarchy in an increasingly self-governing settler society. Harry fulfilled both jobs with judgement and diplomacy, and in Australia he steered the ship of state through turbulent political waters. Alice, having found her metier as governor's "incorporated" wife, and having discovered considerable organisational skill, master-minded the First Australian Exhibition of Women's Work in 1907, an event designed to support fragile federation. On the couple's return to England Harry was active in the campaigns to prevent reform of the House of Lords and female suffrage, indicating that his conservative political views had not changed. Harry died in 1911 and Alice lived out a long widowhood until 1934, creating no new persona, but engaging in activities informed by Harry's legacy.