School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - Theses
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ItemThe borders of nationalism( 2008)Given the primacy of the nation state the nationalism debate remains contentious. With interstate ties becoming stronger, unique regional pacts being formed and globalisation bringing us ever closer, a number of salient questions arise. Much research has been conducted into nationalism, addressing in particular a number of empirical matters. This paper considers the ethical permissibility of moderate nationalism, under a modified form of Gewirth's Principle of Generic Consistency. In the spirit of the work of Sidgwick (1874) the paper acknowledges that individuals observe conflicts in basic principles. The paper contends that a departure from a posited ideal is permissible in pursuit of a functional end state. The paper establishes the functional polity formed under a moderate nationalism as not merely permissible but desirable when compared with other select social architectures because it operates as a superior co-ordination point. The paper contends that nationalism beyond the moderate form offers little additional benefit to group co-ordination, as much of what is afforded is supererogatory. The paper argues that nationalism beyond the moderate form is unjustifiable. The paper asserts that the social architecture established under moderate nationalism, may encourage greater intra-state prosperity and wellbeing than a minarchist state architecture. The paper also responds to a number of contemporary accounts of Nationalism that infer that nationalistic partiality is a fait accompli purporting that much of this work is founded in reductionist and overly simplistic definitions of rationality. The most significant proposition of this paper is that moderate nationalism is more desirable than minarchist structures and immoderate nationalism because it best enables the subsequent satisfaction of universalist ends, a notion 1 term functional universalism.
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ItemThe placebo mystique : biomedical implications( 2005)The 'placebo effect' is a medical enigma. It lies at the heart of modem medical research but remains an amorphous concept; used either as a weapon to dismiss the subjective successes of alternative therapies or to bolster medical claims to scientific 'truth'. In a paradoxical fashion, mainstream medicine overtly rejects the significance of the placebo effect, whilst simultaneously using its existence as justification for the use of placebos in clinical trials. This study aims to explore the complex relationship between biomedicine and the 'placebo effect'. Specifically, I aim to understand how dispute about the meaning of the 'placebo effect' developed and how it currently impacts upon clinical and research work. The study is structured in two parts; the first part contains a discussion of the historical background to confusion about placebos; the second part contains a report on a survey conducted to assess current understanding(s) of the placebo effect amongst Australian medical practitioners. The survey demonstrates that confusion persists amongst clinicians and researchers as to the nature of placebos and the placebo effect. There is disagreement about when placebos should be used, when placebo effects are involved and what conclusions should be drawn from the studies that are performed. The survey made it clear that many doctors are uncertain about the indication for placebo use in clinical trials; many doctors were under the mistaken impression that placebos are essential to control for the placebo effect. I argue that this misconception may well have its origins in Henry Beecher's incorrect assertion that the placebo effect makes placebos an essential component of randomised controlled trials. I discuss the implications of this, mostly particularly in influencing researchers to use placebo controls in situations where they are not methodologically essential.
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ItemThe logic of Darwinism( 1970)Whether or not we accept all the details of Thomas Kuhn's thesis concerning the nature of scientific revolutions, it would seem that Kuhn has at least shown that the development of a science in periods of normal science differs from the development of a science in periods of crisis science. Usually a crisis in a particular science is settled by the introduction and general acceptance of a new theory, or initially by the acceptance of some dramatic modification of the existing theory.
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ItemRealist epistemology in Christian philosophy( 1953)I propose in this thesis to show that the Idealist Epistemology does not allow for the essentials of Christianity and that, on the contrary, a Realist epistemology does make it possible to accept Christianity without any contradiction being involved. To achieve this, I shall first state the philosophy of John Caird who attempted to start with Idealism and end with a philosophy of religion; then I shall examine the conclusions and implications of Caird, comparing them with the writings of other Idealist thinkers, and show wherein they fail to meet the needs of Christian thinkers. This, of course, is no proof of the falsity of their thinking but I shall, after a short section on the historical change from Idealism to Realism, follow with a statement of the Realist epistemology which I hold to be necessary to describe and clarify our experience. The position which I will advocate will be that generally described as. Critical Realism but it will include a section on our knowledge of persons which is relevant in any religious thought which takes account of a personal God, as well as some account of error and the occurrence of error which is relevant to the question of the place of evil in our experience. Finally I shall make a statement of the points of Christian doctrine which I consider to be vitally affected by epistemology and I shall endeavour to show that, under Realism, both Christian needs and our experience can be adequately stated. This is not to say. that Christianity is a necessary conclusion but only that Christianity does not preclude one from being a realist and that realism does not preclude one from being a Christian.
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ItemThe eternal thou : an examination of some religious statements( 1956)This thesis was planned to be an examination of certain work in the philosophy of religion. It was to consider the writings on this subject since 1945 of that group of philosophers usually known as Linguistic Analysts or Logical Analysts; that is, those who philosophise more or less in the manner of Wittgenstein, Wisdom and Ryle. I need a name for this group, and so I shall henceforth call them "analysts" , in spite of their understandable objections to being grouped together or labelled at all.
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ItemOn politicizing philosophy : a reading of Plato's Apology of Socrates( 2002)Our time is characterized both by a reliance upon institutions founded upon concepts of reason, and by widespread doubts that reason is the sovereign guide to individual and communal life. Our dilemmas may be clarified by an examination of the richer understanding of reason and the greater awareness of the limits of politics to be found in certain works of pre-Enlightenment thought. An exemplary text is Plato's Apology of Socrates. Socrates was charged and condemned by Athens for not believing in its gods and for teaching that disbelief to others. The Apology shows that the meaning of this is that Socrates. is on trial essentially for philosophizing: the genuinely philosophical search for answers to the most important questions is in tension with that commitment to communal standards which makes possible and can ennoble political life. Socrates' defence 0f the philosophical way of life thus constitutes an oblique examination of the possibility of enlightenment. Socrates pays tribute to the fact that political life furnishes the horizon within which the most important questions become visible, and he attempts, so far as possible, to secure what is decent in that life. However, he refuses to put philosophy in service of the city's ends, or to provide a political science at the cost of reducing philosophical to quotidian ends. However, to preserve philosophy Socrates must make at least partially visible the tension between philosophy and the city. He does not so much defend his philosophizing as articulate the aporias and deficiencies of the claims of the political community. The centre of this defence is the attempt to show that these claims are legitimized and can find fulfillment only in philosophy. The value of Plato's treatment lies in its delineation of the problem of the relation between reason and human affairs. It provides us with a model for correcting the modern tendency to nihilism from exaggerated expectations from politics, and for the intransigence required for genuine human excellence.
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ItemBeauty and function( 2002)This thesis asks 'what is beauty?' and proceeds to look at two ways of answering the question. Firstly, it critiques the 'quality approach' toward understanding beauty. This approach defines beauty as a quality of an object. In doing so it tries to secure the essence of the term 'beauty'. Using the techniques of analytic philosophy, it attempts to circumscribe the definitional criteria that will validate the use of the word beauty in referring to a particular quality of an object, allowing us to identify the quality of beauty. This approach is found to be ineffective by this thesis. Using a Wittgensteinean analysis of 'family resemblance', it shows that there cannot be one quality of an object that can be considered its essence in regards to its 'beauty'. Rather, there is a family of resemblance of characteristics amongst objects that are commonly considered beautiful that allow us to call them all 'beautiful'. The thesis then formulates a positive argument concerning the function beauty maintains in people's lives. It shows how beauty can be considered a locus of human interaction and behaviour. People require objects and surround themselves with them. They desire these objects, and use them to create the conditions through which they may interact socially - a mechanism dubbed world-creation. A reason for such behaviour is the pleasure gained in relation to beauty that is a common trait of human beings. Such behaviour is grounded by the psychological mechanisms of sublimated desire and visual projection. We also see that certain structural arrangements apparent in the object make it more conducive to being seen as beautiful. This thesis looks at the structural arrangements of form, colour, accuracy, and also the context in which the object is situated. All four factors contribute greatly to the perceived beauty of the object. In conclusion the thesis finds that beauty is not a quality of an object. Rather it is a locus for human interaction that is psychologically projected and structurally conditioned by the object.
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ItemMulti-domain incommensurability( 2000)Interesting instances of Incommensurability sometimes arise in the mental health sciences that cannot be accounted for with our currently available understanding of that phenomenon. I focus on what happens when there is ambiguity between a methodological-value use of a term and a theoretical-entity use of the same term. I call the kind of Incommensurability that can arise in such cases multi-domain Incommensurability. I propose that an interpretation of taxonomic Incommensurability offered by Howard Sankey represents "the sententialist current state of play" and that it may be used as the standard within the semantic/analytic tradition. I contend that Sankey's analysis fails to accommodate multi-domain Incommensurability in social sciences. I diagnose this failure and explore several possible reactions. This diagnosis highlights important features of social sciences that suggest reasons why this particular sort of Incommensurability will be so difficult to accommodate within the semantic/analytic tradition. We may be tempted to either reject social sciences or reject sententialism as a way to make the problems seem to disappear. I find neither of these alternatives satisfactory. The road that suggests rejection of the scientific status of social sciences is pyrrhic, self-defeating, and ultimately begs the question of multi-domain Incommensurability. The road that suggests rejection of sententialism simply abandons valuable insights and tools of investigation before having fully gone down the road. A form of argument extracted from the controversy in social science over dual relationships points to three constraints on a semantics capable of addressing multi-domain Incommensurability. I show why both intentional (roughly Fregegn - description views) and extentional ( roughly Kripkean - Essentialist views) solutions must fail to adequately resolve multi-domain Incommensurability. S suggest a hybrid analysis, consistent with many proposed alternatives to sententialism, that expands upon the current state of sententialist analysis of Incommensurability and draws upon a pragmatic, naturalised approach to semantics.
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ItemPhilosophical problems of political utopianism( 1978)What are the philosophical problems of political utopianism? Primarily, what is the nature of a philosophical problem as distinguished from a practical problem? A philosophical problem is basically a conceptual problem. The major part of this thesis is concerned with clearing up certain conceptual contradictions and anomalies which are associated with the notion of utopia. Of course, one may say that a political utopia his no philosophical problems. One may simply describe a certain state of affairs as a political utopia and/or one may state the nature of the practical problems which stand in the way. In Sir Thomas More's work, for example, we have the description of a utopia. On the other hand, Proudhon and Hari argue respectively that the institutions of private property and capital stand in the way of attaining utopia. The philosopher, however, is net satisfied with this approach. He is concerned with the general notion of utopia and the conceptual problems which are involved in this notion. After distinguishing utopianism from other such notions as may appear to have certain resemblances with it, the philosopher is still left with a number of basic problems. In the first chapter of this thesis, I deal with the definition of utopia as an ideal imaginary state. The types of conceptual problems which arise ore ones which concern the nature of imagination and the relation between the imaginary and the real, the notion of the ideal state, and the relation between value-judgements and actions. In chapter 2, I try to distinguish utopian thought from millennial oschatology and ideology. In this chapter I also suggest that Marx was a type. of utopian thinker in spite of his well known claim to the contrary. The, evidence for this conclusion is based on Marx's vision of a future classless society in which the worker is no longer alienated. I also examine the flaws in the Marxist methodology of scientifically arriving at a future society. I suggest that Marx's expectations are as much based on faith as that of a utopian thinker. I also consider in this chapter the utopianism of Sir Thomas More, and certain anarchist thinkers. Marx's claim that his critique is based on a scientific explanation of society is examined in detail in chapter 3 which also discusses the larger issue of explaining men and society in terms of laws as conceived in the natural sciences. To what extent is a science of society modelled on the natural sciences feasible or philosophically meaningful? Would such a science help us to understand the motives and actions of human individuals in society? Is the method of historical determinism or dialectics as proposed by Marx and Engels essential, or oven relevant, to utopia? I also briefly consider in this chapter the relevance of structuralist anthropology to our understanding of utopia. In chapter 4 I consider the view of earlier utopians that the institutions of property and the centralised state are the main obstacles to the establishment of a just society or utopia. The arguments of Proudhon against private property are discussed in some detail, especially his contention that abolition of this institution is essential to any utopia. According to him, utopians should focus on this institution rather than on the state. I also discuss the bearing of alienation, human rights, property and the state on a theory of utopia. I have not attempted to of for in this thesis a utopia of my own, or any historical survey of. various utopias. Instead, I have raised and discussed what I consider to be some of the philosophical issues that have bearing on utopia as a concept. Y hope my treatment is lucid, and makes some useful contribution to our understanding,of an important theme. In my conclusion I have tried to show how the various ideas, issues and arguments which are raised in successive chapters are related to the central notion of utopia.
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