Melbourne Law School - Theses
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ItemThe Australian model of alternative dispute resolution for family disputes : could it work in Germany? : a comparative study with particular reference to the German constitution( 1992)The aim of this thesis is to examine whether alternative dispute resolution methods can be introduced into German family law. The thesis compares the Australian model of the application of alternative dispute resolution methods to family conflicts with the existing German situation. Particular attention is paid to those fundamental rights and principles contained in the German Constitution which may have an impact on the introduction of alternative dispute resolution methods. The conclusion is drawn that the position of the individual, marriage and the family in the German Constitution as well as the individual's right to effective legal protection not only allow but actually demand the introduction of alternative dispute resolution. methods. The comparison of the German and Australian situations also serves to throw new light on the Australian model of alternative dispute resolution methods for family disputes. The examination of fundamental legal principles such as the rule of law, the separation of powers and the autonomy of the individual, which are effective in both states, lends further support to the strengths of alternative dispute resolution methods as established in Australian family law. The examination also identifies a number of areas where, in contrast, the efficacy of alternative dispute resolution methods in Australia could be further improved.
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ItemSub judice contempt regarding publications : an evaluation and proposals for reform with particular attention to Australia's international law obligations( 1992)The current Australian law of sub judice contempt as it relates to publications attempts to strike a balance between two competing public interests: the public interest in freedom of speech and the public interest in the proper administration of justice. In Chapter I the adequacy of this approach to the values underlying the sub judice rules is examined. In that Chapter it is submitted that such an approach to the values underlying the sub judice rules should not be endorsed. Rather than couching the values underlying the sub judice rules in terms of competing public interests, it is suggested that those values should be recast in terms of a conflict between individual rights. It is submitted that, if the values underlying the sub judice rules are correctly characterised as individual rights, those rights are the right to freedom of speech and the right to a fair trial. The social-scientific literature concerning the free press-fair trial debate is evaluated to determine whether those rights are competing, or complementary. On the basis of that literature, it is concluded that pre-trial media comment can have a significant detrimental effect upon the capacity of the judicial system to provide a fair trial; and that no remedial or other preventative measure, whether alone or in conjunction with other measures, can counter the adverse effects of prejudicial media comment. In Chapter I it will also be argued that, as a matter of policy, the right to freedom of speech should yield to the right to a fair trial to the extent necessary to resolve any conflict which might arise between those rights. It is submitted that a publisher who publishes material which denies to another person his or her right to a fair trial should be punished for publishing the material and that liability for prejudicing another person's right to a fair trial should be imposed irrespective of the publisher's intention. It is suggested, however, that liability should not be imposed upon a publisher which has taken all reasonable steps to avoid the risk of harm from arising. In Chapter II, Australia's international obligations as they relate to the law of sub judice contempt regarding publications are identified. In that Chapter it is argued that the right to a fair trial, provided by article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), encompasses the right to have a trial free of prejudicial media or other comment. It is suggested that, unlike the right to a fair trial provided by article 14 of ICCPR which is an absolute right, the right to freedom of speech provided by article 19 of ICCPR is a qualified right. Thus a State could legitimately restrict freedom of speech on the ground that the restriction is necessary for the protection of the right to a fair trial. On that basis, it is submitted that Australia would not be in breach of its international obligations if it places a limitation upon one individual's right to freedom of speech to protect another individual's right to fair trial. Further, if Australia does not place a limitation upon the right to freedom of speech and as a result of that failure an individual's right to a fair trial is prejudiced, Australia will be in breach of its international obligations. In Chapter III, the current Australian law relating to sub judice contempt by publication and the various proposals suggested for its reform are evaluated in light of the considerations of policy examined in Chapter I and Australia's international obligations as identified in Chapter II. A number of suggestions are made for reforming the law so that it achieves the resolution of the values underlying the sub judice rules which the considerations of policy examined in Chapter I and Australia's international obligations discussed in Chapter II require.
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ItemThe role and function of the ASX and its listing rules( 1992)In a joint submission to the Australian Stock Exchange Limited ("ASX") dated December 1989 (the "Joint Submission") the Law Institute of Victoria and the Law Council of Australia expressed the view that: "The ASX should be contained to its role of ensuring that the market is informed, efficient and fair, and not be allowed to effectively legislate on substantive issues of law outside this role."1 It was suggested in the Joint Submission that the ASX, through its listing rules, had over-extended its role so as to encroach on substantive company law matters which were more properly within the province of Parliament. 2 These criticisms have resulted in a considerable degree of public debate on the proper role of the ASX and the scope of its listing rules.3 In response to the Joint Submission and the public debate, a discussion paper was released by the ASX in October 1990 (the "Discussion Paper")4 in which the ASX expressed its views on these issues and invited submissions from interested members of the public. In its Discussion Paper, the ASX largely defended its perception of its current role in the business community and argued that the listing rules did not exceed their proper scope (although this view has since been refined). It was conceded by the ASX, however, that some of the concerns expressed in the Joint Submission relating to the drafting and adoption of listing rules had some validity".5 It was also conceded that some listing rules would be better contained in legislation. Both the Joint Submission and the Discussion Paper of the ASX will be examined in detail in this paper. Central to the argument concerning the proper scope of the ASX listing rules are sections 777 and 1114 of the Corporations Law (formerly sections 42 and 14 respectively of the Securities Industry Act 1980) which grant "statutory recognition" to the listing rules. On the view put forward in the Joint Submission, the listing rules do not have the clarity expected of legislation, which gives rise to uncertainty of their application in practice.6 Such uncertainty is increased, so it is said,7 by the fact that in the foreword to the listing rules, the ASX states that it looks to listed companies to comply with the "spirit' as well as the letter" of the listing rules. According to the Joint Submission, this gives rise to the undesirable possibility of action under the Corporations Law (formerly under Securities Industry Act 1980) to enforce the spirit of the listing rules.8
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ItemThe suspended sentence : introduction and use as a sentencing option in Victoria( 1992)This thesis examines the introduction of the suspended sentence of imprisonment as a sentencing option available to the courts in Victoria and the problems with its use. As the Victorian legislation regarding suspended sentences was based on earlier English legislation, the thesis looks at the first few years of the English experience and seeks to draw a comparison between the types of problems encountered in the two jurisdictions and the attempted resolution of these problems. It is to be argued that, since the introduction of the suspended sentence of imprisonment as a sentencing option in the criminal justice system of Victoria, an operational pattern similar to the English experience has developed and that: (i) the use of the suspended sentence as a penalty by the courts has failed to reflect the views of the Parliament of Victoria as to its position in the hierarchy of sentencing options, and (ii) the use of the suspended sentence as a means of reducing prison populations has failed, and (iii) the courts have failed to use the suspended sentence option in an appropriate manner. Until either the legislature or the courts have developed appropriate guidelines to rectify or control such use,the suspended sentence of imprisonment should itself be suspended, and if guidelines are not developed then it should be suspended or abolished as a sentencing option in Victoria.
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ItemAdministrative law and immigration control in Australia: actions and reactions( 1992)The conduct of a sustained immigration programme is a notoriously delicate business for governments. Australia's experience over the last two decades well demonstrates the difficulties inherent in balancing labour market and other demographic demands with the public's natural resistance to any large-scale influx of foreigners. After the abolition of the White Australia Policy in 1973, the number and cultural diversity of people eligible to settle in the country increased dramatically. The growth of visible minorities within the community, coupled with the gradual decline in the country's economic fortunes, brought immigration to the forefront of public consciousness in a manner not seen since the end of World War II. By the mid 1980s, it had become the subject of a most vigorous, and potentially divisive, public debate. Arguments ranged over the benefits and burdens of large-scale immigration; the racial mix of migrants; the criteria for selecting them; and the problem of illegal immigration, and what to do about it. (From introduction)
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ItemThe parens patriae and wardship jurisdiction of the Family Court of Australia: its history and current status( 1992)Before the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) came into operation, the Supreme Court of each State exercised a complete jurisdiction over a child of a marriage. That jurisdiction included the jurisdiction conferred by the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 - 1973 (Cth) and the state Supreme Courts' inherent parens patriae jurisdiction and wardship of court jurisdiction. With the passing of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), the Commonwealth Parliament did not include in that Act provisions that created a parens patriae jurisdiction and a wardship of court jurisdiction in the Family Court. Consequently, the jurisdiction over children of a marriage became fragmented between the Family Court exercising jurisdiction conferred by the Family Law Act, and the state Supreme Courts exercising their inherent parens patriae jurisdiction and wardship of court jurisdiction. This paper discusses the question whether it is a valid exercise of the Commonwealth's Marriage Power and the Matrimonial Causes Power for the Commonwealth to pass enactments creating a parens patriae jurisdiction and a wardship of court jurisdiction and vesting them in the Family Court of Australia.
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ItemTaxation of superannuation and other termination payments( 1992)Thesis Plan: This thesis provides an overview of the law and relevant procedures of the taxation of superannuation and other termination payments. Specifically the thesis details the various changes to the concessional taxation treatment afforded such payments from 1/7/1983 to the present. In addition various policy issues are examined in light of the recent release of the Federal Government Statement on the topic re “Security In Retirement: Planning For Tomorrow Today”.