Melbourne Law School - Theses
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ItemThe place of Barnes v Addy in modern Australian commercial law( 2004)Outline of Argument: This thesis describes two equitable causes of action: 1. the action for culpable* receipt of property applied in breach of fiduciary duty; and 2. the action for culpable assistance in breach of fiduciary duty. The paper is particularly concerned with the role of those two actions in Australian commercial law. The objective of the work is positive, not normative. It aims to describe the existence and operation of each of the actions, and the remedies available when a plaintiff successfully proves them. It adds to our understanding of the Australian law by identifying and explaining the relevant and binding authorities, mapping a path through the thicket of conflicting cases which presently plague practitioners. Part one of the paper introduces the argument. Part two briefly describes the legal wrongs to which the actions can respond. Part three sets out the causes of action at length. First, it describes the relationship between the actions and the wider realm of legal responses to wrongs involving fiduciary duties, particularly those in property and unjust enrichment. It then goes on to examine the constituent elements of each cause of action, and analyse their recent evolution. Part four of the paper sents out the remedies which a plainriff can seek. As the actions and the remedies which respond to them are equitable, the courts have a wide-ranging discretion in deciding whether, and how to apply the available remedies. The final section of part four examines the existence of that discretion and ezplains some of the factors relevant to its exercise. The thesis concludes that the two causes of action are powerful, flexible equitable actions which remain extremely relevant to modern Australian commercial law.
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ItemA changing of the guard: a critique of the federal enforcement agency since work choices( 2009)“In the past year, we moved from being a traditional time and wages inspectorate, and repositioned Workplace Inspectors as fearless, independent, effective protectors of workplace rights, not afraid to use the full range of powers available to them, including using the courts for penalties or deterrence.”1 Soon after the Howard Government announced its industrial relations policy in 2005, concerns were raised that the ‘deregulation’2 of workplace relations brought about by the Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005 (Cth) (Work Choices)3 would lead to exploitation of employees.4 In an attempt to silence the unions and reassure the public in respect of the new laws, the federal government raised the profile of the federal enforcement agency. Amongst other things, it changed the agency’s institutional structure, boosted its funding and strengthened its prosecution policy. The then Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations commented at the time that the revitalized inspectorate establishers ‘the most significant industrial compliance and enforcement regime ever introduced by an Australian government’.5 In addition to the changed emphasis on enforcement, as a result of Work Choices, State regulatory enforcement bodies were sidelined, and the powers of the Australian Industrial Relations commission (AIRC) significantly curbed.6 There was also a further fall in unionization.7 Together, this has meant that, in practice, the federal inspectorate is now the main enforcement body for a significant majority of employers and employees in all States and Territories. While State enforcement agencies are still in operation and the State industrial tribunals continue to largely have the same powers to conciliate and arbitrate, at least 75% of the workforce now fall within the federal system of regulation.8 At the same time, the range of investigation and prosecution responsibilities significantly broadened under Work Choices. The inspectorate was no longer solely concerned with the enforcement of minimum labour standards. Rather, it was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the burgeoning regime of civil remedy provisions under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) (WR Act), the Workplace Relations Regulations 2006 (Cth) (WR Regulations) and the Independent Contractors Act 2006 (Cth), were complied with and enforced. While the Pre-Reform Act had some civil penalty provisions, their number substantially increased under Work Choices, in no small part due to the prescriptive and complex amendments brought about by Work Choices. The increased funding and subsequent rise in prosecutions, combined with the heated debate surrounding Work Choices, a wave of advertising, 9 and the controversial ‘use of the federal enforcement agency to “fire fight” media reports of exploitation’,10 also raised the profile of the federal inspectorate in the post-Work Choices period. In comparison, the ‘traditional time and wages inspectorate’, as it is described by the Workplace Ombudsman in the opening quote to this thesis, was largely perceived as being ineffective and maintained a relatively low profile. In the earlier years of operation, resources were so scarce and penalties so low that investigation and prosecution of miscreant employers was perceived as having little deterrent effect. While legislative deficiencies were slowly rectified and penalties significantly increased, the weak persuasive compliance approach – which dominated enforcement strategies in the pre-Work Choices era – was seen to implicitly condone employer non-compliance.11 It is clear from this summary that the role of the federal enforcement agency has changed since Work Choices. It is not entirely apparent, however, whether inspectors have been positively ‘repositioned’ to the extent suggested by the Workplace Ombudsman in the opening quote – this thesis will explore this question in the context of the shifting legislative and political landscape since Work Choices. (From Introduction)
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ItemPatents and the Human Genome Project: should the DNA sequences determined in the project be patentable, and would an application in respect of the DNA sequences be a patentable invention under the Patents Act 1990?( 1996)Ascertaining the sequence of the human genome has long been the 'holy grail' of the genetics world. The Human Genome Project is an internationally co-ordinated scientific effort aimed at finding the grail through the mapping and sequencing of all the DNA in the human genome. The project has been compared to the program to send a man to the moon, but those involved have described the project's implications for humanity as being far greater than that first step onto the surface of the moon.
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ItemTaxation of superannuation and other termination payments( 1992)Thesis Plan: This thesis provides an overview of the law and relevant procedures of the taxation of superannuation and other termination payments. Specifically the thesis details the various changes to the concessional taxation treatment afforded such payments from 1/7/1983 to the present. In addition various policy issues are examined in light of the recent release of the Federal Government Statement on the topic re “Security In Retirement: Planning For Tomorrow Today”.
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ItemShould Australian law grant greater protection to well-known and famous marks and if so, do the current Australian laws achieve this in the most efficient way possible?( 1993)This paper is concerned with a topic which has received much attention recently: what ought to be done at a national and international level to protect well-known and famous marks? The owners of well-known and famous marks often experience one or another of the following problems: 1. counterfeiting 2. dilution, and 3. appropriation by other traders in overseas countries .
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ItemThe criminal liability of corporations( 1993)This study is an examination of the various aspects of the criminal liability of corporations, including the existing law and its potential reform. The study begins with an examination of the theory and concept of corporate criminal liability, as it exists in Australian law. Particular reference is given to the persuasive influence of English law on the Australian conceptual framework, and the consequential restrictiveness of common law in relation to corporate criminal liability. This has prompted the use of various legislative techniques in Australia to broaden the application of what are, in practice, personal offences to corporations. The use of legislation has had limited success. The difficulty with much Australian legislation is that it has broadened a narrow doctrine, rather than reassessing some of the fundamental concepts. Other countries are now beginning to re-examine their existing approach to the criminality of corporations, and this study makes particular reference to American involvement in dealing with offending companies and their management. A study of corporate behaviour, indeed in the growth and change of status of the company in our society, raises many issues concerning corporate criminality, the types of crimes that can occur and the reasons why corporations may offend. An examination of corporate offences, and the potential harm that flows from breaches of the law, forms the basis for a re-assessment of existing law, and even the corporation itself as its exists in our society. Indeed the proposed Australian Model Criminal Code, with its recognition of corporate blameworthiness, is one enormous conceptual leap in changing the approach of law in dealing with corporations. However, a re-evaluation still needs to be made of existing criminal legislation, executive procedure, judicial procedure and potential sanctions. Furthermore, there must be a consideration of the end object that is sought by making a company criminally liable. The objective of any reform should be to achieve a law abiding corporation, where legal compliance is reflected in its structures and ethos, not the letter of the law. Sanctions to achieve such an ideal outcome may be found in other ways than merely through traditional punishment, such as fines, the alternatives being examined in this thesis.