Melbourne Law School - Theses
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ItemProtective measures applicable to child complainants of sexual offences in the South African criminal justice system( 2008)Testifying in a courtroom is a stressful experience for any witness. This stress is heightened where the witness is a child complainant of a sexual offence. Not only will this child have to testify about the intimate details of the offence, but he or she will also have to do so in the presence of the alleged perpetrator in the formal environment of the courtroom surrounded by unfamiliar people dressed in black robes. The South African legislature has taken some cognizance of the difficulties that these vulnerable witnesses may face whilst giving evidence in the courtroom and has enacted various provisions which make protective measures available to them. Such protective measures include closing the court to the public during the testimony of the complainant, permitting the complainant to give evidence through closed-circuit television thereby avoiding confrontation with the accused and the formal courtroom environment, as well as permitting the child to give evidence through an intermediary who conveys the questions of counsel to the child in a language and form the child can understand. This study is based on a review of the relevant authority, judicial pronouncements thereon, academic literature on the subject, and to a limited extent empirical research of the practical application of these provisions in the South African courts. The aim of this study is to determine whether these provisions are achieving the purpose behind their enactment and therefore effectively providing protection to child complainants of sexual offences. The conclusion is reached that these provisions, are riddled with deficiencies and are further erratically applied. The provision which makes it mandatory to close the courts to the public during . the testimony of the complainant is completely ignored and prosecutors are still bringing applications for the closure of the courts, leaving presiding judicial officers with a discretion as to whether or not the public should be excluded from the trial during the testimony of the complainant. Furthermore, witnesses are often not aware of the provision which permits them to bring an application to give evidence via closed-circuit television. It has been argued that child complainants of sexual offences will always meet the requirements set out in that provision and that they should therefore be given an automatic right to give their evidence via closed-circuit television. On the other hand, witnesses have no standing to bring an application for the appointment of an intermediary and such an application can only be brought by the prosecution. Once the prosecution has decided whether or not to bring such an application, it is further subject to the discretion of the presiding judicial officer who may refuse to grant the application: This discretion has resulted in the inconsistent application of the section and an arbitrary application of the law which fails to uphold the values enshrined in the South African Constitution. It has been recommended that a more uniform and objective approach to invoking this protective measure is required. This study. recommends in closing that legislative reform is indeed necessary in order to provide more -effective and uniform protection to child complainants of sexual offences within the South African criminal justice system.
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ItemLaw, medical practice and policy development( 2008)This application is based on a range of achievements Which establish, as required by Regulation 3.16 of the university's statutes, that 'I have made `a substantial and original contribution to legal scholarship' (see Part A); and that my work `is of such standard as to give [me] authoritative standing in the field of [my] study [Health and Medical Law]' (see Part B). My achievements include scholarly critique and analysis and cross-disciplinary publications in leading international journals (see Part C).
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ItemA model law for anti-doping in sport( 2006)The objective of this thesis is to show that the development of a model law for adoption by nation states is an essential step in legal efforts to combat doping in sport, and to make recommendations on the content of this legislation. Drugs in sport are an issue of significant public and media interest. In a society where athletes are also role models, the use of performance-enhancing and recreational drugs by sportsmen and women is widely condemned. In recent years enormous efforts have been made by both sporting organisations and governments to put a structure in place to support sports' anti-doping rules. This has resulted in the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the development of the World Anti-Doping Code. However, these rules remain private in nature and therefore are inadequate to address all the problems presented by doping. To this end, the UNESCO International Convention Against Doping in Sport was also adopted in 2005. This thesis examines what further legal measures are required to combat doping, and focuses on the development of a model law that can be adopted by governments to implement the Convention and tackle doping issues. A model law is recommended as the best way to harmonise the legal approach to doping across nations, and to provide a tool to the numerous nations currently lacking the capacity to devise an appropriate legal response to the issue. It would be appropriate for the model law to be situated as a model of best practice within the World Anti-Doping Program housed by WADA, after appropriate development in conjunction with UNESCO. In devising the argument for a model law and recommendations as to its content, the current domestic anti-doping laws of four countries have been examined, along with the special issue of human rights as they apply to anti-doping.
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