Architecture, Building and Planning - Theses
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ItemReducing greenhouse gas emissions from residential buildings in Australia : impact, opportunities and barriers impeding progress( 2003)The quest underlying this research is improved understanding of greenhouse gas reductions attributable to residential buildings in Australia. Past efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from residential buildings in Australia focus predominantly on operational energy and to a lesser extent CO2 emissions attributable to energy embodied in the building structure, i.e. an individual dwelling and its site. The emissions and corresponding opportunities associated with the life support systems servicing the dwelling, e.g. water supply, food supply, sewage disposal, are still relatively unexplored. The first part of this research takes a wider view by including the life support systems. As a demonstration of how the impact of the life support systems can be studied, water supply and sewage disposal are explored in detail. Once potential opportunities for reduction are identified, these opportunities also need to be realised. Both the theory and practice of energy conservation in residential buildings worldwide, and in Australia, have been there since the 60s and 70s. However, there is evidence that implementation in Australia has not transferred into the mainstream as yet. Efforts have been made to identify the barriers impeding progress to energy efficiency. These are mostly based on personal observation. Structured methods based on empirical data are restricted to individual key players such as architects or householders. Empirical studies of a limited cross section of the key players have been carried out overseas but are restricted to commercial buildings. These studies have also been isolated attempts and not as part of an overall management strategy. In the second part of this research a diversity of needs and barriers faced by a wide cross section of key players is identified empirically, as part of an overall management strategy aimed at achieving energy and related CO2 reductions from residential buildings in Australia. Energy reduction is taken to include operational energy, embodied energy and the energy associated with the life support systems of a dwelling. It is proposed that both these domains of opportunity identified present opportunities for significant reductions in CO2 emissions from residential buildings in Australia.
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ItemSex and the slum : imperialism and gender in nascent town planning, Australia and New Zealand, 1914-1919( 2003)This thesis explores early 20th century town planning discourse in two of Britain's dominions, Australia and New Zealand. It uses the first national town planning conferences held in Australia and New Zealand (1917, 1918 and 1919) as a vehicle for examining themes of imperialism and gender within town planning discourse. In both dominions, women had a visible presence and an increasing voice in the nascent town planning movement. The women planning advocates were predominantly middle-class, they supported the continuation of women's traditional domestic role and they celebrated women's position as the `mothers of the race'. They wanted improved housing standards in order that women could undertake their important work of mothering to better effect. Similarly, they wanted more extensive kindergarten and playground facilities in order to shape and mould the citizens of tomorrow. But more than this, the women who took the most active role in the Australian and New Zealand town planning conferences were imperialist, win-the-war loyalist and in some cases even militarist. It was the imperial race that was at stake. The term `planning's imperial aspect' has been used by others to describe the initiatives of imperial powers in exporting town planning to their colonies and dominions. However, in view of the Australian and New Zealand enthusiasm for importing town planning, and the extent to which Australian and New Zealand planning advocates promoted town planning in terms of its potential to benefit the imperial race, this thesis expands the usage of the term to encompass colonial/dominion initiatives in importing town planning from the relevant imperial power, in this case from Britain. The thesis shows that in early 20th century Australia and New Zealand, the activities of women planning advocates clearly demonstrate planning's imperial aspect. This is because the women recognised the particular plasticity of children's bodies and minds and the consequent opportunities that infancy and youth provided for the instillation of middle-class values and behavioural norms, and thus focused their attention on the sites and activities that had the greatest potential to positively modify the fitness, health and morality of children - the imperial soldiers, workers, wives and mothers of tomorrow.
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ItemUrban consolidation and transport( 2004)There has been wide debate about the way that Australian Cities are developing and the ensuing travel outcomes of that development. Concerned commentators have suggested that by altering the way these cities are developing may result in reduction in the use of automobiles for mobility and an ensuing rise in walking, cycling and public transport use by increasing residential densities through Urban Consolidation policy and other instruments available to planners. In Melbourne since the early 1990s there has been a boom in residential development in and around the inner city, yet at the same time other areas close by have remained relatively unchanged from these population and dwelling stock increases. The focus of this report was to compare the commuting and car ownership characteristics of exiting areas with those altered b the policy of urban consolidation. This was done in order to see whether travel patterns were indeed changed by the re-population and revitalisation of dwelling stock and if the ensuing patterns showed reductions in car travel, more walking, cycling and public transport as suggested y advocates of the Compact City notion. Although there were variations in the travel patterns of both areas, the comparison shows that there are generally lower mode shares in public transport, similar shares of driving and differences in walking and cycling in the selected consolidated areas compared to the travel patterns produced from existing development. Thus this research challenges the conventional wisdom amongst contemporary urban planners that substantial increases in density will improve public transport, walking and cycling mode shares at the expense of car travel.
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ItemThe role of affect in local government corporate real estate management( 2007)This dissertation reveals affect’s contribution to strategic local government corporate real estate management (CREM). Affect is found in subjective assessments of the effects of the CRE and its management that contribute to the, often, fractious and vigorous debates around proposals to provide or change Council facilities. These subjective assessments, which may be colloquially known as ‘perceptions’, are thought by CREM to contradict the, seemingly, ‘objective’ measures they rely upon in framing facility proposals and decisions. The local government and general CREM literature is not extensive and quite deficient in its treatment of subjective assessments – affective or not. Other literature that does consider subjective assessments of environments rarely considers the political and governance issues implicit in the research problem. In practice, local government CREM already navigates across the problem field of affect and other subjective assessments of CREM’s effects. This dissertation presents analysis of cases demonstrating this navigation. A multiple case study research methodology was employed using four cases of facility proposals from a middle suburban Melbourne metropolitan council. The four cases were selected to illustrate the issues that exist in local government CRE and its management. Analysis occurred within a psychologically-orientated qualitative enquiry using an ‘Affective Lexicon’ to access affective dimensions contained in word-based data, both text and verbal. Using a psychologically-based mapping model the presence of affect in local government CREM was mapped across the management processes in providing the studied facilities as a means of furthering understanding of the effects of local government CREM. Possible further research in the field of local government CREM is also identified. This research makes several contributions to knowledge. Primarily, there is the contribution from demonstrating that affective, being psychological and subjective, practices apply to and are used by effective local government CREM. This contribution is supported by demonstrating that there is an ‘Affective domain’ to and for local government CREM and the form of that domain with regard to the psychological functions present. This provides an understanding of the subjective responses to facility proposals, more commonly called ‘perceptions’, and their affective assessments’ basis; both ‘ante’ and ‘post’ CRE project processes. Furthermore, rather than being merely recipients of affective, subjective responses, this research demonstrates an affect-based approach to local government CREM through an identification of affective management processes used by local government in providing community facilities. In addition, because the field of (local government) CREM is undertheorised at this point, this research also contributes knowledge to several gaps indentified in the property literature, particularly with regard to defining the basis of CREM practice and its effects.
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ItemAn uneasy profession: defining the landscape architect in Australia 1912-1972( 2004)The profession of landscape architecture in Australia emerged as a result of a distinct set of social, cultural and political circumstances. These were in part linked to events and phenomenon through history and are described in this thesis as a proposed framework of practitioners who were associated with the occupational title 'landscape architect' between 1912 and 1972. But the profession's emergence in England, America and Australia can also be analysed and contrasted in terms of sociological concepts of professions. The sociological method deemed most applicable to the study of landscape architecture in Australia, a small profession relative to its closest neighbours of architecture and planning and a profession whose title is etymologically complex, was one that considered professions as operating in an interrelated system. This thesis explores the profession of landscape architecture in Australia in terms of how individuals who adopted the professional title (particularly when the profession began to become organised during the post World War II years) also positioned themselves in relation to other professions in planning and design. To a certain extent, defining a professional landscape architect involved analysing newly created opportunities for jurisdiction over work but also how individuals were able to effectively create a niche for their profession within the schema of existing work jurisdictions.
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ItemMaterialising the immaterial: social value and the conservation of recent everyday places( 2004)This thesis argues that recent everyday places can constitute significant cultural heritage. All places are cultural heritage, but only some are judged to be significant cultural heritage by professionals applying established criteria. Recent everyday places can play an essential role in people's lives, and become sites of strong emotional connection. In Australia and New Zealand, social value is the heritage criterion that recognises people's attachment to place. Recent everyday places are potentially significant cultural heritage if they have social value, yet they are difficult to accept as such, and they are rarely recognised in heritage conservation procedures. They do not fit preconceived notions of cultural heritage; their significance is not understood; and they have no established tradition of academic inquiry for support. The objective of this research is to examine the relation between recent everyday places and social value within the context of the contemporary Western heritage conservation frameworks. The thesis is an analytical study comprising two principal components: discourse review and analysis, and case study analysis. Discourse analysis draws upon two primary fields of inquiry. The first is contemporary Western heritage conservation discourse, including policy, legislation, charters, and literature. The second is multidisciplinary academic discourse that recognises everyday life, everyday objects, everyday places, and their values and meanings. The case study analyses apply a framework of current theoretical and practical conservation methodologies and methods to selected places in Australia and New Zealand. Findings from the research are two-fold: Firstly, social value is not adequately represented within established heritage conservation frameworks. Secondly, the acceptance of recent everyday places as significant cultural heritage is problematic because of the relation with social value. The major implication from the research findings is that recent everyday places with social value will not be accepted as culturally significant heritage until social value is adequately represented within the theoretical and methodological frameworks of contemporary Western heritage conservation. The inadequate representation of social value has implications for all heritage places with social value. The inclusion of social value in theoretical frameworks will have limited application until the methodological frameworks and methods can enable it to be maintained. Until this happens, important connections between people and place will continue to be neglected in the decision-making processes that are designed to create and maintain the quality of the built environment.
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ItemTourism planning and community consultation in metropolitan Melbourne( 2002)This thesis explores consultation in relation to tourism plans and tourism aspects plans. It examines the extent to which councils involve the community in plan formulation, and the main methods used for the purpose. Community consultation and participation have been investigated by a number of authors. It is a topic that originated in the 1960s and its importance has grown enormously over the years. It has now become a pre-requisite for many projects. In the area of planning, consultation and participation are terms that are used almost synonymously. In this thesis the terms consultation and participation are both used to indicate the involvement of the community. This study evaluates the actual extent of community participation, from an assessment of the approaches of councils, to the points on the Shand-Arnberg Participation Continuum that the consultation methods reach. The study has a number of revelations regarding the people involved in the consultation process, cost and time factors, and the extent to which the community is actually involved in the tourism plans that are formulated. The literature on the subject has indicated that this process has a tendency to exclude the ethnic communities, low income and other minority groups. The trend so far has been to involve the middle class and the articulate groups that dominate a community. However, major findings of this study include that consultation is neither related to the demographic characteristics of society, nor the income of councils. The findings of this research have implications for both, the councils and the general public, and the way tourism developments are planned.
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ItemWalter Richmond Butler: an English arts and crafts architect in Australia( 2002)Walter Richmond Butler was one of a generation of English architects who were trained in an era when the Anglo-Catholic architectural philosophies of A. W. N. Pugin and the moral aesthetic ideals of John Ruskin were still severed and the might of the industrial age was scorned. Architecture was inspired by the theories of the Arts and Crafts and buildings were intended to be wholly suitable and respectful of their situation, yet remain idiosyncratic, inventive, adventurous and original. Properly designed, an Arts and Crafts building sat comfortably in its environment, whilst being comfortable to live in and beautiful to look at. In all ways, it was meant to touch the soul of mankind. For English architects Arts and Crafts was about embracing their Englishness, but for Australian architects it was more complex. Melbourne architects, who sometimes behaved in a manner more British than those in the 'Old Country', had no (acceptable) local vernacular to avail themselves of and only a small number of architects - Rodney Alsop, Harold Desbrowe Annear, Robert Haddon, Walter R. Butler – stood out from the many who only seemed capable of designing one Melbourne ‘Queen Anne' building after another. Throughout his life there were two men that Butler admired and respected above all others: architects John Dando Sedding and W. R. Lethaby. Sedding was a highly passionate, dedicated and influential architect and Butler served as his Chief Assistant for three years before he migrated to Melbourne in 1888. Sedding was primarily concerned with church architecture and this was ref1ected in Butler's career: his most refined, eclectic and spiritual buildings were erected for the church. Lethaby was Butler's contemporary but Butler always held him in high esteem. Lethaby and Butler had trained with the same architect in Devon (albeit at different times) and both ended up working in London: Lethaby was Chief Assistant for Richard Norman Shaw when Butler filled the same position with Sedding. The two were close friends and. along with Ernest Gimson, Sidney and Ernest Barnsley and Robert Weir Schultz, formed an important group of friends. They would remain an inf1uence on each other throughout their careers. The friendship between Butler, Lethaby, Cimson, Schultz and the Barnsleys formed a key coterie in the London Arts and Crafts movement. These men were passionate Socialists and architectural theorists. They worked and socialized together, travelled throughout England and Europe and moulded and refined each other's theoretical understanding of architecture. The career of each man was profoundly affected by this period of their lives. Interestingly, of the six, only two remained dedicated architects: Butler and Schultz. Lethaby became an architectural theorist and educator, whilst Gimson and the two Barnsley brothers focussed on furniture manufacture. The inherent difficulties that Arts and Crafts architects faced combining practice and theory were evident in the professional direction that each man took. Butler migrated to Australia in 1888. In Melbourne he was able to establish a successful practice, which catered for wealthy and exclusive clientele, in a relatively short period of time. He had become one of Melbourne's leading architects within ten years of arriving in Australia, attracting large commissions, dominated by houses for wealthy Victorian pastoralists and industrialists. His buildings were all influenced to varying degrees by Arts and Crafts theory and throughout his career he was constantly seeking a balance, both between Arts and Crafts theory and stylistic realization and also between his Socialist beliefs and working for his largely capitalist clientele. Butler's career was profoundly affected by World War I. The architectural profession had changed, as did the type of commissions, and the scale of commissions, that were available. More importantly, Butler's career changed because of the death of his son Howard, who was killed in June 19I8, only months before the Armistice. Much of the work completed by Butler's firm, which still attracted a sizable number of commissions, appeared to have been designed by his partners from this time. Walter R. Butler was an important and influential member of the Arts and Crafts movement in Australia; he was the most direct link back to the English movement with which he had been so close. 'However, rather than adapting his theories to suit local conditions, as Arts and Crafts theory would dictate, stylistically his work was derived from the picturesque, and Old English and ‘Queen Anne’ buildings as practised by Richard Norman Shaw. Butler remained at all times an English Arts and Crafts architect in Australia.