Architecture, Building and Planning - Theses
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ItemThe effects of participation on attitudes regarding socio-environmwntal sustainability within local planning in the Philippines( 2001)Local planning in the Philippines is characterised by low levels of participation, which is also consistent with low levels of political participation observed between the middle class and the poor. Furthermore, elitist planning and decision-making is accompanied by a preponderant use of planning guidelines and techniques imposed by central government agencies on local planning bodies - further discouraging participation. I have observed that this traditional, topdown mode of planning does not promote what I call socio-environmental sustainability in local planning. This includes sense of ownership of the plan and planning process by the community, inclusiveness, people empowerment and sustainable planning outcomes among other things. On the other hand, participatory planning promotes them. In this study, I argue that participatory rather than non-participatory planning approaches promote socio-environmental sustainability. The study was based on a survey undertaken between two groups of respondents - those who participated in a series of land use planning workshops and those who did not - within the case study area, which is a rural town in eastern Philippines. The methodology involved the use of probability sampling techniques, questionnaire and interviews. The findings suggest that experience in participatory planning increases socio-environmental sustainability within local planning in the Philippines. Specifically, ownership is manifested through non-acceptance of plans made from the top. It is also evident, as participants would rather claim primary responsibility for land use and environmental planning than just leave it entirely with the local government. The study also shows that participation has a restraining effect on the power of the elite who had a propensity to manipulate the planning process for their ends. Furthermore, participation also elicits more responsible decision-making by authorities that indicate the potential influence people may have on political leaders. The favourable attitude towards participatory approaches and their positive effects, which were also observed to have resulted from the experience of participation, can be attributed to the role of participation in informing, educating, developing convictions or consciousness raising necessary to liberate communities from traditional, elitist ways of planning and decision-making as well as largely unresponsive, ineffective and irrelevant plans.
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ItemPlay in urban public spaces( 2001)Play has always been part of the social life of urban public spaces. This thesis is a focused examination of the ways in which urban public spaces both stimulate and facilitate play. The hypothesis underpinning the research is that play arises out of the tensions and contradictions of urban social space. The research aims to broaden our understanding of what social behaviours and values might be considered when siting and designing public spaces. Practices of play can be recognised by their dialectical tension with predetermined social goals and productive functions. Practices of play have use value, as pleasurable, escapist ends in themselves. Yet at the same time play can be seen as a critique of instrumentally rational action, and as a means of discovering new needs, exploring identities and developing new forms of practice. By playing, people find temporary escape from social demands and restrictions, and test the boundaries of their existence, living more intensely. The research is guided by Caillois' articulation of four basic forms which play takes: competition, chance, simulation and vertigo. This framework highlights a variety of ways that play transgresses social norms. Urban public space structures opportunities for playful acts because it frames unfamiliar, stimulating perceptions and unplanned, non-instrumental encounters between strangers. The research centres on observation and discursive analysis of playful behaviour in public spaces in central Melbourne, Australia. The analysis draws upon Lefebvre's theoretical insights into urbanism, everyday life, and the production of space, to explore the complex interrelations between social experience and the physical properties and meanings of urban form. The analysis examines five types of urban spaces where play occurs: paths, intersections, thresholds, edges and props. It explores how these spaces nurture practices of play, both because of the social activities which typically occur there, and by the ways they frame certain perceptions, meanings, relations between bodies and possibilities for action. The conclusion of the thesis highlights three dimensions of urban social life where the design of space has a critical influence: performance, representation and control. These dimensions highlight how meanings, desires, behaviours, and even the built forms of urban public spaces do not arise directly from the intentions of designers, but through a constant dialectical interplay between instrumentality, normativity and play.
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ItemEnvironmentalism and land-use planning( 1985)This dissertation considers the research question: Can land-use planning attain the goals of environmentalism? The research question instigates the development of models for environmentalism and land-use planning, test of their congruence, analysis of institutional means to join them, case study of the specific method of lifestyle zoning for Nature conservation, international comparisons, and suggestions for the implementation of the ideology of environmentalism by the techniques of land-use planning. An applied planning orientation guides methods from political science, sociology, anthropology and geography to structure the theoretical and empirical studies. Comparison among the industrially advanced anglophone countries of Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States of America enable cross-cultural insight into environmentalism, land-use planning, and measures for the protection of dedicated areas. The evaluation of the fit between the environmentalism and land-use planning, considers their origins, values, operating principals, programs and problems. This social-policy analysis reveals substantial concurrence, particularly regarding concern for the unintended consequences of technical and social policies, human interaction with the physical environment, care in resource use, urban and Nature conservation, the importance of open space, rational forethought, the long-term, regional view, environmental diversity, government intervention, need for co-ordination in government, use of experts, citizen participation, self-actualization, equity, and generic as well as substantive definition of the fields by their supporters. The ideological outline of contemporary environmental planning provides a framework for detailed analysis of the case study of an "Environmental Living Zone" on the fringe of urban Melbourne, Australia. Historical research, interpretation of planning schemes, maps and aerial photographs, interviews, and observation provided insight into the social and environmental factors in residential conservation. From the empirical and theoretical analyses, the work suggests implications for practitioners- and directions for further research.