Architecture, Building and Planning - Theses
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ItemConflicting images of kampung and kota in Jakarta( 2005)Jakarta is a complex city, a city of conflicts and a city of differences: the traditional and modern, the informal and formal, the unplanned and planned, the rich and poor, and the sacred and the worldly, often standing side by side. It presents as a complex of kampungs and, at the same time, a kota. This research responds to the question: Why do people want to continue living in kampungs despite the tensions and conflicts they experience, seemingly caused by excessive and ever-encroaching development of kit"? The question will be addressed through exploring the lived experiences of people in kampungs. It also looks at what kampung and kota are in Indonesian cities, particularly in Jakarta, through reviewing the literature and debates about kampungs (such as forms of community, social relationship and conflict) and kota (dealing with phenomena such as power and the role of government and elites in urban planning and development), and also through conducting fieldwork in Jakarta's kampungs. The thesis will expressly address ambiguities in these two terms, which complicate the discourse concerning their meanings in current Indonesia. Jakarta has, consciously or unconsciously, adopted the idea of kota-negara-separation between central government (power) and people, or between kit" and kampung. This separation has been retained through contemporary processes of modernization, even though it is no longer achieved by physical walls but rather by metaphorical walls, with the centralization of government arid the privatization of many strategic areas of kota, supported by government regulations including master plans. However kampungs, the traditional, spontaneous and diverse form of indigenous urban development in Indonesia, have grown organically and incrementally with the broader development of Jakarta over many years without planning guidance or regulations, building codes or centralized, coordinated provision of services. Kampungs traditionally practise the concept of mutual self-help, known as rukun (social harmony) and gotong royong (mutual self-help). However, the ideas of rukun and gotong royong have gradually become less prominent and are even being lost from the everyday life of people in kampungs, and it increasingly seems that these old forms of cooperative living could be swamped by social conflicts occurring between one kampung and another, and between kampungs and kota - by the apparent pressures of modern life in Jakarta. This research also examines the relationship and separation between kota and kampung resulting from different and conflicting images or concepts that arise in many aspects of urban lives-social, cultural, economic and political. Kota appears as a formal, regulated, exclusive and modern space and place, while kampung appears as informal, unregulated, inclusive and traditional. The political and economic power of kota over kampung has often resulted in social conflicts in Jakarta between kota and kampungs, government and people, formal and informal settlements, and even between one kampung and another. One of the most striking effects is the sharpness of the boundaries between kampungs and kota, which suggest dichotomies such as informal versus formal, unplanned versus planned, unregulated versus regulated, traditional versus modern, local versus global, inclusive versus exclusive, and communal versus urban. This research explores not only the differences or even conflicts between kampung and kota, but also the interdependency between them. It is essential to take account of the differences and conflicts and, of course, the symbiotic links between kampungs and kota in Jakarta's city planning, design and development. Governments, elites, urban planners and designers cannot ignore kampungs as they have in past: it is a two-way street, and kota in the long run cannot develop without recognizing the contribution, strengths and needs of knmpungs.
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ItemCommunity struggles for land in Jakarta( 2004)In Jakarta, kampung settlements have provided access to urban land and housing for a large part of the population. Some kampung settlements have been integrated and part of the city through the granting of administrative status. However, for residents in particular kampung settlements continuing to live in their kampungs has been a struggle because of the constraints imposed on them by the state. The fall of the New Order government in May 1998 marked the beginning of the reformasi era, and with new hope for better governance and democracy. Nevertheless, there seems to be a growing movement of kampung communities led by NGOs struggling for their right to the city. This dissertation is concerned with the struggles of kampun communities how they have evolved under the changing social and political changes in the reformasi era. It argues that the kampung communities' claims to lands were essential in gaining their social rights as citizens, and that the success of the outcomes depended on their ability to seize political opportunities. Through fieldwork in two kampungs, Kelurahan Kebon Kosong and Kampun Penas Tanggul, the research showed the complexities of power relations in land resulting from weak land management by the state. The distinction between legality and illegality is unclear, and depends on the social attitudes and relations between. the residents and government officials. The analysis of the findings showed the importance of the communities' claims on land and how they are related to gaining their social rights as citizens. The success of gaining claims to land depended on the empowerment of the community, which includes understanding their rights to land evolving from a locally based struggle to a network-based struggle with other kampung communities in Jakarta. The role of NGOs was crucial in the empowerment process, as well as in building strategic alliances with government officials. However, despite the change in the reformasi era that opened up opportunities for greater participation in development, the process is dependent on the response of the state, which unfortunately, is still trapped in the ways of the New Order government. These findings show the necessity of acknowledging the diversity of legality and illegality of land tenure at the kampung level, and finding alternative tenure arrangements for kampung settlements that are more feasible than individual land titles, yet could provide long-term certainty for the residents. The empowerment of kampung communities demonstrates the creation of a stronger civil society that could play a larger role in local land management. However, the major barriers have been the unaccountability of the state and the reluctance of state officials to open the door to wider participation. Without these changes, there is no doubt that any policy to improve security of tenure will fail.
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ItemThe Role of urban transport policy in achieving sustainable development in Jakarta, Indonesia( 2004)Jakarta's transport system has moved away from sustainability over the past fifty years. Traffic accidents and air pollution have become serious problems, and growing congestion has resulted in increasing travel times. The present study was aimed at establishing how to reverse this trend and to uncover factors which may have been instrumental in the failure over recent decades to address this situation, and which may be corrected through better planning and policy. To do this, previous urban transport studies commissioned to deal with these problems were critically reviewed to establish which of their recommendations had been adopted and what were the actual outcomes. A survey of the existing transport system was also undertaken, involving government officers, academics, members of transport associations and member of Non-Government Organisations involved in urban transport. A further survey was done to establish the views of these stake-holders on why the policies adopted had not solved the problems. The study suggests that Jakarta has passed through three periods: a walking period, a transport modernisation period and a motorisation period. In the first two periods Jakarta appeared to have maintained a harmonious relationship between its high density, mixed-use urban form, ideally suited to non-motorised transport modes and to public transport. Even in the motorisation period, high density, mixed-use development has mostly followed major road corridors and remains well-suited to much higher use of public transport and non-motorised modes than currently exists. However, in this period, rapidly rising motor vehicle ownership and use began to come into conflict with the city's pre-automobile form. Road infrastructure could not be built fast enough to keep pace with traffic growth, despite almost exclusive commitment of available resources to road construction and improvement. High capacity public-transport systems, including rail and bus-ways, failed to materialise to help curb the motorisation process and to provide much needed relief on the roads. It was established that to make real progress in solving the transport problems two constraints would have to be dealt with: the present almost exclusive reliance on the traditional urban transport planning process used in all previous studies, and the institutional fragmentation in transport policy and implementation. Based on these findings, this study suggests a series of approaches to help deal with Jakarta's transport problems. In line with the global trend towards sustainability as an organising principle for urban policy development, these policies are offered within a framework of developing a more sustainable transport system in Jakarta. The policies suggested cover giving priority to facilitation of walking and cycling, development of public-transport infrastructure and transit-oriented, mixed land use, and a strong focus on management of transport demand. None of these will be achieved without institutional reform of Jakarta's transport decision-making structure.