School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences - Research Publications
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ItemDisentangling fire intensity and species' susceptibility to fire in a species-rich seasonal tropical forest(WILEY, 2020-07)Increasing temperatures and human activity are likely to reduce fire return intervals in the seasonal tropics. Anticipating how more frequent fires may alter forest community structure and composition requires understanding how fire intensity and species‐specific responses to fires interact to drive fire‐induced mortality for large numbers of species. We developed an analytical framework to estimate unobserved fire intensities and species‐ and size‐specific susceptibility to fire using observed mortality data. We used census data from a 50‐ha forest dynamics plot in western Thailand to better understand species and community responses to a fire that burned ∼60% of the plot in 2005. Trees species, size and status (live, dead) were censused just before the fire (2004) and again 5 years later (2009). We jointly estimated a map of relative fire intensity and species‐specific size‐dependent background and fire‐induced mortality. We then calculated the time required for individuals of each species to reach a fire‐safe size threshold (the age at which the fire‐induced mortality probability was <50%). To better understand community‐level responses to fire, we compared results among different species groups (canopy status, forest‐type association). Our model‐derived map of fire intensity closely matched the field survey taken in the days after the fire. On average, individuals growing at the 95th percentile growth rate for most species groups required ∼5 years to reach their species’ fire‐safe size threshold, while individuals growing at the median growth rate required ∼17 years (assuming growth <1 cm diameter at breast height was similar to growth >1 cm). However, understorey species associated with the seasonal evergreen forest took 1.8 times longer than average to reach their fire‐safe size threshold, with one species requiring up to 190 years. Synthesis. Our approach provided insights into spatial patterning of fire intensity in a seasonal tropical forest and species‐ and size‐specific susceptibility to fire‐induced mortality. Our results suggest increasing fire frequency will have the greatest impact on slow‐growing understorey species of the evergreen forest. In addition, our model accurately predicts the growing dominance of a fast‐growing understorey species, Croton roxburghii; Euphorbiaceae, common to evergreen and deciduous forests that can reach its fire‐safe size threshold in 1.3 years.
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ItemThe effect of species, size, and fire intensity on tree mortality within a catastrophic bushfire complex(WILEY, 2021-09)Infrequent, high-intensity disturbances can have profound impacts on forested landscapes, changing forest structure and altering relative species abundance. However, due to their rarity and the logistical challenges of directly observing such extreme events, both the spatial variability of disturbance intensity and the species-specific responses to this variability are poorly understood. We used observed patterns of mortality across a fire severity gradient following the 2009 Black Saturday fires in southeastern Australia to simultaneously estimate (1) species- and size-specific susceptibility to fire-induced mortality and (2) fire intensity. We found broad variation in patterns of fire susceptibility among the 10 tree species (five eucalypts and five non-eucalypts) sufficiently abundant for analysis. Among the eucalypts, Eucalyptus obliqua was the most resistant to fire-induced mortality, with trees of ~25 cm DBH having a 50% probability of surviving even the most intense fires. In contrast, E. regnans had 100% mortality across all size classes when subjected to high-intensity fire. Basal resprouting occurred in six of the study species and, when accounted for, fundamentally changed the mortality profile of these species, highlighting the importance of resprouting as an adaptation to fire in these landscapes. In particular, the two iconic cool temperate rainforest species (Nothofagus cunninghami and Atherosperma moschatum) were strong resprouters (~45% of individuals were able to resprout after being top-killed by fire). We also found evidence for compositional shifts in regeneration above threshold values of fire intensity in cool temperate rainforest and mixed forest sites, both of which have important conservation values within these landscapes. The observed patterns of species- and size-specific susceptibility to fire-induced mortality may be used to anticipate changes in forest structure and composition in the future. In addition, they may also help guide forest management strategies that reduce the length of time individual trees are exposed to potentially lethal fires, thereby increasing the resilience of these forests to future fires.