School of Geography - Theses

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    From sandcastles to concrete jungles: researching the sand industry in Victoria, Australia
    Gosch, Sophie ( 2020)
    Carr and Gibson (2016) call for renewed attention to resources which constitute the making of our modern world. I respond to their call by focusing on sand, a primary ingredient in concrete and the making of the contemporary urban form. A critical but under-studied resource, sand requires further research attention and to address this gap, I conducted fieldwork from June to August 2020 into the sand industry in Victoria, Australia. Research included conducting semi-structured interviews, participant mapping, and site observations. I approached this research by bringing together two key frameworks to illuminate the human and non-human actors involved in the production of sand as a resource. First, I deployed frameworks on the tracing or ‘following’ of commodities (Cook et al., 2004; Tsing, 2015). Second, I looked to the literature on 'becoming' a resource (Zimmermann, 1933). This research approach enabled me to not only identify some key actors in Victoria’s sand trade, but also helped to outline the sand production network, from sites of survey and extraction, to consumption and recycling. In outlining the production network of sand, I was also able to show how sand ‘becomes’ a natural resource, attending to both human and nonhuman actors. The key argument I put forward is that a critical part of attending to the production network and the ‘becoming’ of sand is identification of the rhythms and changes in form that it undergoes as it moves across the production network. In doing so, this thesis aims to extend literature on human environment relations to the realm of sand and the sand industry.
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    Alternative community states in reservoirs of the Central Highlands region
    Bateson, Jane Karen ( 2001)
    The occurrence of nuisance algae within reservoirs of the Central Highlands region is a problem facing Central Highlands Water and the communities they serve. Therefore, there is a need to know how to manage this threat. Management of the causal factors contributing to the development of algal blooms within the Central Highlands region, and Victoria as a whole, has tended to focus on reducing nutrient loads into the system. However, in shallow lakes nutrient control alone is often ineffective in managing the undesirable effects of eutrophication including algal blooms. The main reason for this is thought to be due to existence of alternative clear, macrophyte-dominated and turbid, phytoplankton-dominated stable states in shallow freshwater systems. This thesis presents analyses of two field studies carried out to investigate the alternative stable states hypothesis on shallow reservoirs of the Central Highlands region. First an assessment of spatial variation in chlorophyll a, macrophyte abundance and key growth regulating variables has shown that within reservoir spatial variation that is often assumed to be insignificant, is significant. Such spatial variation can lead to different conclusions being drawn regarding the application of ecological models and processes that may have caused observed patterns. Consequently, an appreciation of the effects of scale is vital to ensure ecological models, such as the theory of alternative stable states, are applied correctly and the outcomes of field experiments are not confounded by spatial variation. Second an investigation of shallow reservoirs of the Central Highlands region revealed that the presence of macrophytes is associated with low algal biomass. Parallels were drawn between study sites and the model of phase changes of shallow lakes undergoing eutrophication (Moss et al., 1996). A majority of reservoirs were characterised as potentially being within the clear, macrophyte-dominated alternative state, either in the unique clear Phase I or transitional Phase n. However, several reservoirs of the Central Highlands region did not bear a resemblance to any of the alternative states (phases) identified in the literature. Accordingly, it can be concluded that reservoirs of the Central Highlands region may support alternative states but that phase changes used to describe communities of the Northern Hemisphere lakes need to be modified to suit Australian conditions. This study emphasises the need to adopt a holistic approach to managing the undesirable effect of eutrophication such as algal blooms. Within the Central Highlands region a holistic approach should include management of the macrophyte communities, water level manipulation and potentially biomanipulation in addition to nutrient control.
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    Identifying the real monetary cost of Eildon's water
    Hoatson, Grant ( 1999)
    In order to understand the real monetary cost of water supply from an impoundment like Eildon Dam there needs to be clear definition of the various costs and benefits associated with it's supply. Some costs, relate to downstream environmental impacts and are difficult to define whilst some benefits like recreational benefits are deemed "non marketable" and are not normally accounted for. This study attempted to explore the different costs and benefits associated with Eildon's water over various time periods, and analyse key cost benefit factors asset value and recreational costs and benefits. An attempt was made to investigate the real monetary cost of Eildon's water and also determine the feasibility of charges being set for recreational use. Review of the costs of Eildon's water revealed that prior to 1994 only maintenance and operational costs had been covered by water tariffs and currently full environmental and recreational costs were not being charged. The real monetary cost of Eildon's water was found to be $3.12/ML and the value of recreation was found via the Travel Cost method to be worth $8.73million / annum although it is important to recognise that their are many non marketable recreational benefits like social and community benefits that make the lake far more valuable than just this. The study concluded that recreational users should pay for their use of Lake Eildon based on the user pays system, with charges weighted towards high impact users like water skiers. It was felt that a charge of $10 per day was affordable by water skiers and would not restrict this activity.
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    A study of the integration of science and park management in Victoria with reference to scientific mandates for national parks agencies in the United States and Canada
    Ginn, Paige ( 1999)
    Managing for competing uses within national parks has become increasingly difficult. Recreation and preservation are two uses for which national park managers must provide, however, to provide for both presents a dilemma. Recreational uses often lead to degradation of a park's natural resources, and therefore, compromises the preservation of the park. How should managers make their decisions? This thesis proposes that managers should formulate their management strategies using a scientific framework of data gathering and monitoring in the decision-making process. Management decisions should be based upon what provides the least amount of degradation to the park's natural resources. True knowledge upon which managers can make their decisions comes from a (1) scientific understanding of the park's ecosystems and (2) the impacts upon those ecosystems. Science provides the necessary information that leads to better knowledge of the parks resources. However, science has not always been incorporated in the management process. This thesis details why science is important and the reasons it has not been thoroughly integrated into the park's management process. It critiques the present-day integration of science in Victorian national park management, as well as Parks Victoria's management strategies. The thesis also examines the history of science and its integration into national park management by Victorian, the United States and Canadian agencies and the current attitude toward the integration of science and national park management within the three agencies. Several key figures in national park management were interviewed, and from these interviews, a story detailing the state of science in national parks developed.
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    Morphodynamics of a small inlet on the southwest coast of Victoria: a study of the Hopkins Inlet, Warrnambool (1996-97)
    Kirby, Sherie ( 1999)
    Tidal inlets are one of the most dynamic features of the world's coastlines (Dyer, 1995; Davis Jr, 1996). Since the 1960s, the majority of inlet studies have focused upon the variability, or morphodynamies, of larger features over many years and decades. But recent findings by Kench and Parnell (1991); Hume and Herdendorf (1992) and Kench (1996) show that the temporal variability of small inlets (<100m in diameter) is extremely short compared to the rate of physical change experienced in larger features. This evidence has serious implications for the existing knowledge of inlet morphodynamics. In Australia, the existing knowledge of tidal inlets is limited to the study of larger features occurring along the coasts of New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria. Although there are a number of studies on smaller inlets, this research has largely concentrated on the geological evolution of the barrier-island coasts of south east Australia. This represents a serious gap in the knowledge required to adequately understand the stability of small-scale inlets under Australian conditions. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the morphodynamics of a small-scale inlet on the south west coast of the Victoria, Australia.
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    Municipal water use for irrigation in Victoria, Australia
    Evans, Andrew Reginald ( 1998)
    Recent water industry reforms, pressure for ecologically sustainable development (ESD) and administrative changes to local government such as the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) have the potential to affect municipal water use in Victoria. This thesis examines how local governments in Victoria manage water used for irrigation of council green areas. Global and Australian water issues, local government in Australia, ESD and local government water management, and Victoria's water industry and pricing system are discussed. Forty five councils in Victoria completed the survey `Municipal Water Use for Irrigation'. Results indicate that water use is becoming increasingly important to local government and the perceived need for water conservation is driven by both economic and environmental factors. Pressure for ESD is having an impact on municipal water use, particularly as many councils develop environmental management strategies or similar policies. Recent State Government reforms to the water industry, including changes to water pricing and charges for water use, are likely to have an affect on future consumption levels. Changes to the operational structure of local government in recent times, particularly the introduction of CCT, are also having an impact on water management. Councils reponses to CCT were mixed; some saying it created opportunities for improved water management, while others felt it gave them less control over water use. However, CCT has probably not been in operation long enough for its effect to be fully gauged. Councils are beginning to implement strategies for water conservation, including the application of xeriscape principles to council landscapes and improved horticultural practices and irrigation management. Further work is required at a local government level before significant reductions in water use can occur. This includes an audit of council water use, the development of water management strategies, improved landscape management practices and community education.
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    Environment improvement plans: an assessment
    Potia, Ummehani ( 1998)
    Environment Improvement Plans (EIPs) are. documents produced by individual companies with input from the local community, council and the Victorian Environment Protection Authority. These have been put forward as forums that allow for public participation. This thesis seeks to assess the various aspects of the Environment Improvement Plan (EIP) such as its success as a public participation fomm. At a theoretical level this study is informed by literature about the definition, emergence and evaluation of public participation in environmental decision making. Using the latter group of theories, criteria for the evaluation of EIPs are developed. The assessment of EIPs is carried out using a case study, the West Metropolitan Region of Melbourne. Twelve companies in this region have undertaken an EIP. Through stmctured questionnaires, direct observation and relevant publications, data was obtained which offered some insight into the EIPs. There are two parts to an EIP: a plan and a process. It is developed and implemented through the Community Liaison Committee. The study has found that there is considerable variation among the EIPs and Community Liaison Committees in the study area. This is so because of a lack of standardisation. As a forum for communication, the process provides both information and continuous face to face contact but fails to empower the participants, that has given them more credibility. In addition, their future success is threatened by a lack of community interest. Moreover, having an EIP does not bring an end to community complaints. These drawbacks and limitations need to be understood before Environment Improvement Plans are taken up by more firms. This is not to say that the EIP process is not without benefits. Environment Improvement Plans have helped in improving the relations between the various groups. Furthermore, in recent years, EIPs have been linked to the Accredited Licensee System. Nevertheless, it is clear that there is scope for improvement in the area of environment planning. This thesis evaluates the EIPs and suggests improvements.
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    Students welfare co-ordinators' responses to homeless students in the south eastern educational region
    Davis, Nicole ( 1997)
    School is an institution with which all members of society have contact at some stage in their lives. Next to the family, school is an important institution which has the opportunity to communicate with and support young Victorians. When young people can no longer rely upon their family for support, the school has the potential to act as a surrogate family. Student Welfare Co-ordinators are the people in Victorian schools who are more likely to deal with students who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless than anyone else in the school. There is little known about their attitudes and responses towards homeless young people, or their perceptions of their role. An understanding about the response students receive from their school's Student Welfare Co-ordinator is a necessary first step in gaining an insight into the role and the relationship schools have with homeless students and those at risk of becoming homeless. This thesis explores Student Welfare Co-ordinators' responses when dealing with students in their schools who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. It examines their responses in the context of how they define homelessness and their overall perceptions of homeless young people. Ten Student Welfare Co-ordinators in the South Eastern educational region were interviewed, along with six homeless students living in supported accommodation in the region. The responses of Student Welfare Co-ordinators to homeless students, and those at risk were grouped into four broad categories: the referral; the mental health; the locksmith; and the mediation group. Each category of response was examined in relation to Student Welfare Co-ordinators' assumptions about their particular training and their definition of homelessness. The overall finding was that Student Welfare Co-ordinators were not guided by the individual needs and circumstances of homeless students or those at risk of becoming homeless, but by their particular ideologies and training.
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    The regulation of dolphin tourism in Port Phillip Bay
    Saunders, Fred ( 1997)
    This report investigates whether there is a need to take a more regulated approach to the conduct of dolphin tourism in Port Phillip Bay. This was achieved by seeking the views of interest groups and through an assessment of dolphin management experience in Australia and overseas. Views from respondents were received on the adequacy of the current voluntary Code of Practice for Dolphin Tour Operators in Port Phillip Bay, whether they believe dolphins suffered disturbance as a result of current tourism practices and whether there should be compulsory licensing of dolphin tour operators. The findings of this investigation were used to assess whether a more regulated approach to dolphin tour management is required to limit disturbance to the Port Phillip Bay dolphin population. The report reviews recent research which indicates that dolphins can become disturbed by unfettered and continued unwanted human interaction. It is believed that such disturbance can flow onto the dolphin population as a whole, however, the long-term effects are not clearly known, and because of this many of the respondents advocated that a precautionary approach be adopted in the management of dolphin tours. The vast majority of interest groups surveyed were of the view that some dolphin tourism practices adversely affect dolphins, particularly when coupled with the affects of harassment by the general public. To minimise such disturbance interest groups overwhelmingly supported a more regulated approach to govern dolphin tours. This approach included the incorporation of dolphin tour regulations into legislation and the introduction of a licensing system for dolphin tour operators. The main elements of the proposed dolphin regulations advocated by respondents would, at a minimum, include a consistent approach to the development of quality interpretive material, limitations on the type and number interactions and the adoption of general environmental management guidelines. To limit disturbance to the Port Phillip Bay dolphins from tour boats and the general public (particularly during peak Summer periods), it is proposed that Ticonderoga Bay at Point Nepean be proclaimed a 'no go' area (which would be an extension in protection to its current status) and that there be a limit to the number of dolphin tour operator licences. A national approach, in cooperation with states and territories, to the development of dolphin legislation is also advocated to ensure a consistency and transparency of the management of dolphin-based tourism throughout Australia.
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    A comparative analysis of litter generated at shopping centres, roadsides and riverside-foothpaths within the Plenty River catchment and the extent to which litter from these sources is reflected in the composition of bank litter along the Plenty River
    Muthike, Joseph M. ( 1996)
    Litter studies often face the problem of category overlaps when attempts are made to classify litter items. This study proposes a classification that is aimed at minimising the problem of category overlaps. It then employs this classification in comparing litter characteristics at various generation points within the Plenty River catchment and the extent to which the litter found entangled on banks of the river relates to that at the various source sites. In addition, the local litter policies and management strategies are reviewed against experiences from other parts of the world. The litter classification employed in this study describes litter items on the basis of their use-origin and material-type. Litter generation areas at which survey was undertaken were Greensborough, Montmorency and Lower Plenty shopping centres; roadsides adjacent to bridge sites and riverside footpaths along the Plenty River. Riverbank litter sampling was undertaken at points near roadside and riversidefootpath survey sites. A comparative review of litter policies and management strategies from various parts of the world revealed some desirable aspects that could benefit litter management in Australia. The `Systems Approach' as the guide to litter policy and management strategy formulation in Victoria was found to have inherent weaknesses that partly account for the persistence of litter pollution. Using data from litter survey at shopping centres, roadsides and riverside footpaths, it was found that: (a) Litter generated within different shopping centres was not significantly different but smoking-related litter pose the most serious cause of concern owing to its dominant frequency, (b) litter at roadsides next to bridge-sites within the catchment had significant differences leading to a conclusion that roadside litter is mostly a function of factors specific to a site. At the same time, a higher relative incidence of litter was observed at roadside points nearer bridges than further up the road; (c) significant differences exist in material-type frequency composition of litter between riverside footpath sites and this was viewed as indicative of a higher likelihood among individuals to improperly dispose of certain litter items than others. On the basis of data from riverbank litter survey, this study found that: (a) the distribution of litter by type of material on different types and extent of riverbank vegetation cover is random; (b) riverbank morphology does not to influence the distribution of total litter items entangled on a riverbank; (c) litter generated at riverside footpaths has a higher relative likelihood of polluting the river banks than that generated at more remote locations (shopping centres and roadsides).