Infectious Diseases - Research Publications

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Author: Cameron, Paul × Author: Lewin, Sharon × Author: Evans, Vanessa × Author: Chang, Ju Hui × Type: Journal Article ×

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    Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances IL-2 and CD107a Production from HIV-Specific T Cells Ex Vivo in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy
    Chiu, CY ; Chang, JJ ; Dantanarayana, A ; Solomon, A ; Evans, VA ; Pascoe, R ; Gubser, C ; Trautman, L ; Fromentin, R ; Chomont, N ; McMahon, JH ; Cameron, PU ; Rasmussen, TA ; Lewin, SR (AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2022-01-01)
    In people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune dysfunction persists, including elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins on total and HIV-specific T cells. Reversing immune exhaustion is one strategy to enhance the elimination of HIV-infected cells that persist in PWH on ART. We aimed to evaluate whether blocking CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) alone or in combination would enhance HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function ex vivo. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using human PBMCs from PWH on ART (n = 11) and expression of CD107a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 was quantified with HIV peptides and Abs to IC. We found the following: 1) IC blockade enhanced the induction of CD107a and IL-2 but not IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to Gag and Nef peptides; 2) the induction of CD107a and IL-2 was greatest with multiple combinations of two Abs; and 3) Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT in combinations showed synergistic induction of IL-2 in HIV-specific CD8+ and CD107a and IL-2 production in HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that the combination of Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, or TIGIT can increase the frequency of cells expressing CD107a and IL-2 that associated with cytotoxicity and survival of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PWH on ART. These combinations should be further explored for an HIV cure.
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    Memory CD4+ T cells that co-express PD1 and CTLA4 have reduced response to activating stimuli facilitating HIV latency
    Rasmussen, TA ; Zerbato, JM ; Rhodes, A ; Tumpach, C ; Dantanarayana, A ; McMahon, JH ; Lau, JSY ; Chang, JJ ; Gubser, C ; Brown, W ; Hoh, R ; Krone, M ; Pascoe, R ; Chiu, CY ; Bramhall, M ; Lee, HJ ; Haque, A ; Fromentin, R ; Chomont, N ; Milush, J ; Van der Sluis, RM ; Palmer, S ; Deeks, SG ; Cameron, PU ; Evans, V ; Lewin, SR (CELL PRESS, 2022-10-18)
    Programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) suppress CD4+ T cell activation and may promote latent HIV infection. By performing leukapheresis (n = 21) and lymph node biopsies (n = 8) in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and sorting memory CD4+ T cells into subsets based on PD1/CTLA4 expression, we investigate the role of PD1 and CTLA 4 in HIV persistence. We show that double-positive (PD1+CTLA4+) cells in blood contain more HIV DNA compared with double-negative (PD1-CTLA4-) cells but still have a lower proportion of cells producing multiply spliced HIV RNA after stimulation as well as reduced upregulation of T cell activation and proliferation markers. Transcriptomics analyses identify differential expression of key genes regulating T cell activation and proliferation with MAF, KLRB1, and TIGIT being upregulated in double-positive compared with double-negative cells, whereas FOS is downregulated. We conclude that, in addition to being enriched for HIV DNA, double-positive cells are characterized by negative signaling and a reduced capacity to respond to stimulation, favoring HIV latency.