School of Languages and Linguistics - Research Publications
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ItemRelationships between Comprehension, Strategic Behaviours and Content-Related Aspects of Test Performances in Integrated Speaking Tasks(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021-03-15)The use of integrated tasks to test English speaking skills raises questions about the impact of comprehension on test score outcomes, and the impact of stimulus materials on test taker strategic behaviours. This study analysed speaking performances and verbal report data to examine the strategies used by test takers at different levels of proficiency to relate stimulus text information in response to a TOEFL-iBT reading-listening-speaking task. 120 speaking performances were analysed to identify how ideas from reading and listening source texts were reproduced, summarised and/or synthesised. Verbal reports from 38 test takers were also collected. Findings showed that test takers, regardless of proficiency, reproduced more single ideas from stimulus texts than summarised or synthesised information, although high proficiency test takers summarised information more than low proficiency test takers. Verbal report data further revealed that high proficiency test takers engage in effective summarisation and synthesising as part of note-taking while reading and listening, suggesting these are aspects of integrated speaking task constructs and supporting the relevance of integrated tasks for assessing entry to tertiary educational domains.
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ItemA sociophonetic analysis of vowels produced by female Irish migrants: Investigating second dialect contact in Melbourne(Australian Speech Science and Technology Association, 2019-08)We present preliminary results of an acoustic analysis of monophthongal vowels produced by five female Irish migrants in Melbourne, with lengths of residence in Australia between 1.5 and 9.5 years. This sample is compared with five female Australian English (AusE) participants. Results show greater overall variability within the Irish group compared to the AusE group for the majority of vowels. Sociophonetic variability also emerged, for example with only two migrants producing an expected Irish English FOOT-STRUT merger. One ‘non-merger’ with the longest length of residence, and a social network comprised exclusively of Australians, also displayed initial signs of movement towards other AusE vowel targets, such as a fronted /ʉ:/. This research contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of dialect contact, indicating movement in the direction of AusE after approximately ten years of exposure.
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ItemTracking vowel categorization behaviour longitudinally: a study across three x three year increments (2012, 2015, 2018)(Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc., 2019)Longitudinal data provide a unique opportunity to address questions around language change, and speaker/listener behaviour. Processing behaviour is considered subject to change over time, but it remains an open question as to over what time period incremental changes might occur. This study compares responses to a forced-choice listening test over three x three-year increments (2012, 2015, 2018), from a set of the same ten mainstream Australian English listeners. The listeners are from a small town (Warrnambool, Australia), where crucially, a distinction between /el/-/æl/ is lost for many. Here we focus on the contrasts between /ɪ e æ/ in /hVt/ and /CVL/ environments. Despite our predictions, overall results show that the increments, which span six years in total, are too small for any changes to arise. This study contributes to our understanding of longitudinal processing behaviour, showing overall consistency across 2012-2018, even in the context of a merger in-progress.
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ItemVarietal differences in categorisation of /ɪ e æ/: A case study of Irish and Australian English listeners in Melbourne(ASSTA, 2018)This paper presents results of a vowel categorisation task of front lax vowels in /hVt/, /hVl/ and /mVl/ contexts, by 12 native Australian English speakers and 10 Irish migrants residing in Melbourne. Results show significant differences in how listeners categorise these vowels, in five out of six phonetic contexts. Vowels suggested to be undergoing merger in Victoria, specifically /el-æl/, are not perceived as merged, indicating this phenomenon may be stratified and/or more age-graded than previously reported. Results show clear differences between listeners sharing an L1 but speaking different dialects, even when these dialects are in direct contact due to migration.
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ItemCoronal Stop VOT in Australian English: Lebanese Australians and Mainstream Australian English(Australasian Speech Science and Technology Australia (ASSTA), 2018)This paper analyses variability in voice onset time (VOT) in Australian English (AusE) coronal stops, as produced by those of mainstream, and Lebanese heritage ethnicities. Data are derived from the AusTalk corpus, and from a new corpus of Lebanese Australian (“LAus”) speech in Melbourne comprising 30 speakers aged 18—30. Both groups use short- and long-lag VOT for /d/ and /t/ respectively; however, speakers with Lebanese heritage exhibit substantially more pre-voiced /d/ tokens. Group-wise, there are fine phonetic differences between groups. Lebanese Australian individuals exploit a greater range of VOT values but there is no evidence of transfer of Lebanese Arabic VOT system. Instead, speakers deploy coronal stop VOT to index ethnic identities as Lebanese Australians.
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ItemSociophonetic variablity of postvocalic /t/ in Aboriginal and mainstream Australian English(ASSTA, 2018)This paper analyses post-vocalic /t/ variability in controlled speech across two groups, both L1 Aboriginal English and mainstream Australian English speakers. Data were collected in Warrnambool, a small community in western Victoria (Australia). While both Aboriginal English and mainstream Australian English speakers used canonical aspirated [tʰ] a range of other variants were observed. The Aboriginal English group used a greater number of variants overall, and tended toward “glottal” variants (full glottal stops, pre-glottalised stops, and ejective-like stops) whereas the mainstream Australian group preferred so-called “breathy” variants (affricates, fricatives); we attribute this to sociophonetic variability, potentially linked with voice quality and glottal timing. Overall, the study highlights some previously undocumented variation both within L1 Aboriginal English, and between L1 Aboriginal English and mainstream Australian English.
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ItemAn Investigation of the /el/-/ae l/ Merger in Australian English: A Pilot Study on Production and Perception in South-West Victoria(Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2014-01-01)This exploratory study looks at evidence of merger between /el/ and /æl/ in Australian English, and the possible relationship between production and perception that might be involved in such a process. This merger appears to occur primarily in Victoria, although its regional distribution within that state still requires investigation. The phenomenon appears to be motivated by the interaction of three different phonetic processes: increasing lateral velarization; increasing vowel lowering; and misperception/misparsing of the phonetic signal. We focus here on the behaviour of a sample of native speakers from Warrnambool, a regional township in south-west Victoria. Given evidence that some speakers merge the vowels in /el/ and /æl/ while others do not, our participants are categorized as maintainers (those who keep /el/–/æl/ distinct) and combiners (those who merge /el/–/æl/), and we compare how the groups process /el/–/æl/ in perception. Overall results point to an association, according to category, between listeners' own production and perception of /el/–/æl/ in an identification task, although individual variability is also evident and needs to be understood.
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ItemIdentifying /el/-/æl/: A comparison between two regional Australian towns(University of Canterbury, 2014)
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ItemShort vowels in L1 Aboriginal English spoken in Western Victoria(Causal Productions, 2016-12-16)