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    Nanoscale magnetometry through quantum control of nitrogen-vacancy centres in rotationally diffusing nanodiamonds
    MACLAURIN, D ; Hall, LT ; Martin, AM ; Hollenberg, LC (IOP Publishing, 2013)
    The confluence of quantum physics and biology is driving a new generation of quantum-based sensing and imaging technology capable of harnessing the power of quantum effects to provide tools to understand the fundamental processes of life. One of the most promising systems in this area is the nitrogen–vacancy centre in diamond—a natural spin qubit which remarkably has all the right attributes for nanoscale sensing in ambient biological conditions. Typically the nitrogen–vacancy qubits are fixed in tightly controlled/isolated experimental conditions. In this work quantum control principles of nitrogen–vacancy magnetometry are developed for a randomly diffusing diamond nanocrystal. We find that the accumulation of geometric phases, due to the rotation of the nanodiamond plays a crucial role in the application of a diffusing nanodiamond as a bio-label and magnetometer. Specifically, we show that a freely diffusing nanodiamond can offer real-time information about local magnetic fields and its own rotational behaviour, beyond continuous optically detected magnetic resonance monitoring, in parallel with operation as a fluorescent biomarker.
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    Vortex lattice formation in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates via rotation of the polarization
    Prasad, SB ; Bland, T ; Mulkerin, BC ; Parker, NG ; Martin, AM (AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2019-08-26)
    The behavior of a harmonically trapped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate with its dipole moments rotating at angular frequencies lower than the transverse harmonic trapping frequency is explored in the co-rotating frame. We obtain semi-analytical solutions for the stationary states in the Thomas-Fermi limit of the corresponding dipolar Gross-Pitaevskii equation and utilize linear stability analysis to elucidate a phase diagram for the dynamical stability of these stationary solutions with respect to collective modes. These results are verified via direct numerical simulations of the dipolar Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which demonstrate that dynamical instabilities of the co-rotating stationary solutions lead to the seeding of vortices that eventually relax into a triangular lattice configuration. Our results illustrate that rotation of the dipole polarization represents a new route to vortex formation in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates.
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    Comparative Mapping of Seed Dormancy Loci Between Tropical and Temperate Ecotypes of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Zhang, L ; Lou, J ; Foley, ME ; Gu, X-Y (OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2017-08)
    Genotypic variation at multiple loci for seed dormancy (SD) contributes to plant adaptation to diverse ecosystems. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa) was used as a model to address the similarity of SD genes between distinct ecotypes. A total of 12 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SD were identified in one primary and two advanced backcross (BC) populations derived from a temperate ecotype of weedy rice (34.3°N Lat.). Nine (75%) of the 12 loci were mapped to the same positions as those identified from a tropical ecotype of weedy rice (7.1°N Lat.). The high similarity suggested that the majority of SD genes were conserved during the ecotype differentiation. These common loci are largely those collocated/linked with the awn, hull color, pericarp color, or plant height loci. Phenotypic correlations observed in the populations support the notion that indirect selections for the wild-type morphological characteristics, together with direct selections for germination time, were major factors influencing allelic distributions of SD genes across ecotypes. Indirect selections for crop-mimic traits (e.g., plant height and flowering time) could also alter allelic frequencies for some SD genes in agroecosystems. In addition, 3 of the 12 loci were collocated with segregation distortion loci, indicating that some gametophyte development genes could also influence the genetic equilibria of SD loci in hybrid populations. The SD genes with a major effect on germination across ecotypes could be used as silencing targets to develop transgene mitigation (TM) strategies to reduce the risk of gene flow from genetically modified crops into weed/wild relatives.
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    Measurement of the B-c(+) meson lifetime using B-c(+) -> J/psi mu(+)nu X-mu decays
    Aaij, R ; Adeva, B ; Adinolfi, M ; Affolder, A ; Ajaltouni, Z ; Albrecht, J ; Alessio, F ; Alexander, M ; Ali, S ; Alkhazov, G ; Alvarez Cartelle, P ; Alves, AA ; Amato, S ; Amerio, S ; Amhis, Y ; Anderlini, L ; Anderson, J ; Andreassen, R ; Andreotti, M ; Andrews, JE ; Appleby, RB ; Aquines Gutierrez, O ; Archilli, F ; Artamonov, A ; Artuso, M ; Aslanides, E ; Auriemma, G ; Baalouch, M ; Bachmann, S ; Back, JJ ; Badalov, A ; Balagura, V ; Baldini, W ; Barlow, RJ ; Barschel, C ; Barsuk, S ; Barter, W ; Batozskaya, V ; Bauer, T ; Bay, A ; Beddow, J ; Bedeschi, F ; Bediaga, I ; Belogurov, S ; Belous, K ; Belyaev, I ; Ben-Haim, E ; Bencivenni, G ; Benson, S ; Benton, J ; Berezhnoy, A ; Bernet, R ; Bettler, M-O ; van Beuzekom, M ; Bien, A ; Bifani, S ; Bird, T ; Bizzeti, A ; Bjornstad, PM ; Blake, T ; Blanc, F ; Blouw, J ; Blusk, S ; Bocci, V ; Bondar, A ; Bondar, N ; Bonivento, W ; Borghi, S ; Borgia, A ; Borsato, M ; Bowcock, TJV ; Bowen, E ; Bozzi, C ; Brambach, T ; van den Brand, J ; Bressieux, J ; Brett, D ; Britsch, M ; Britton, T ; Brook, NH ; Brown, H ; Bursche, A ; Busetto, G ; Buytaert, J ; Cadeddu, S ; Calabrese, R ; Callot, O ; Calvi, M ; Calvo Gomez, M ; Camboni, PA ; Campana, P ; Perez, DC ; Carbone, A ; Carboni, G ; Cardinale, R ; Cardini, A ; Carranza-Mejia, H ; Carson, L ; Akiba, KC ; Casse, G ; Castillo Garcia, L ; Cattaneo, M ; Cauet, C ; Cenci, R ; Charles, M ; Charpentier, P ; Cheung, S-F ; Chiapolini, N ; Chrzaszcz, M ; Ciba, K ; Vidal, XC ; Ciezarek, G ; Clarke, PEL ; Clemencic, M ; Cliff, HV ; Closier, J ; Coca, C ; Coco, V ; Cogan, J ; Cogneras, E ; Collins, P ; Comerma-Montells, A ; Contu, A ; Cook, A ; Coombes, M ; Coquereau, S ; Corti, G ; Counts, I ; Couturier, B ; Cowan, GA ; Craik, DC ; Cruz Torres, M ; Cunliffe, S ; Currie, R ; D'Ambrosio, C ; Dalseno, J ; David, P ; David, PNY ; Davis, A ; De Bonis, I ; De Bruyn, K ; De Capua, S ; De Cian, M ; De Miranda, JM ; De Paula, L ; De Silva, W ; De Simone, P ; Decamp, D ; Deckenhoff, M ; Del Buono, L ; Deleage, N ; Derkach, D ; Deschamps, O ; Dettori, F ; Di Canto, A ; Dijkstra, H ; Donleavy, S ; Dordei, F ; Dorigo, M ; Dorosz, P ; Suarez, AD ; Dossett, D ; Dovbnya, A ; Dupertuis, F ; Durante, P ; Dzhelyadin, R ; Dziurda, A ; Dzyuba, A ; Easo, S ; Egede, U ; Egorychev, V ; Eidelman, S ; Eisenhardt, S ; Eitschberger, U ; Ekelhof, R ; Eklund, L ; El Rifai, I ; Elsasser, C ; Falabella, A ; Faerber, C ; Farinelli, C ; Farry, S ; Ferguson, D ; Albor, VF ; Rodrigues, FF ; Ferro-Luzzi, M ; Filippov, S ; Fiore, M ; Fiorini, M ; Fitzpatrick, C ; Fontana, M ; Fontanelli, F ; Forty, R ; Francisco, O ; Frank, M ; Frei, C ; Frosini, M ; Furfaro, E ; Torreira, AG ; Galli, D ; Gandelman, M ; Gandini, P ; Gao, Y ; Garofoli, J ; Tico, JG ; Garrido, L ; Gaspar, C ; Gauld, R ; Gersabeck, E ; Gersabeck, M ; Gershon, T ; Ghez, P ; Gianelle, A ; Gibson, V ; Giubega, L ; Gligorov, VV ; Goebel, C ; Golubkov, D ; Golutvin, A ; Gomes, A ; Gordon, H ; Grabalosa Gandara, M ; Graciani Diaz, R ; Granado Cardoso, LA ; Grauges, E ; Graziani, G ; Grecu, A ; Greening, E ; Gregson, S ; Griffith, P ; Grillo, L ; Gruenberg, O ; Gui, B ; Gushchin, E ; Guz, Y ; Gys, T ; Hadjivasiliou, C ; Haefeli, G ; Haen, C ; Hafkenscheid, TW ; Haines, SC ; Hall, S ; Hamilton, B ; Hampson, T ; Hansmann-Menzemer, S ; Harnew, N ; Harnew, ST ; Harrison, J ; Hartmann, T ; He, J ; Head, T ; Heijne, V ; Hennessy, K ; Henrard, P ; Hernando Morata, JA ; van Herwijnen, E ; Hess, M ; Hicheur, A ; Hill, D ; Hoballah, M ; Hombach, C ; Hulsbergen, W ; Hunt, P ; Huse, T ; Hussain, N ; Hutchcroft, D ; Hynds, D ; Iakovenko, V ; Idzik, M ; Ilten, P ; Jacobsson, R ; Jaeger, A ; Jans, E ; Jaton, P ; Jawahery, A ; Jing, F ; John, M ; Johnson, D ; Jones, CR ; Joram, C ; Jost, B ; Jurik, N ; Kaballo, M ; Kandybei, S ; Kanso, W ; Karacson, M ; Karbach, TM ; Kenyon, IR ; Ketel, T ; Khanji, B ; Khurewathanakul, C ; Klaver, S ; Kochebina, O ; Komarov, I ; Koopman, RF ; Koppenburg, P ; Korolev, M ; Kozlinskiy, A ; Kravchuk, L ; Kreplin, K ; Kreps, M ; Krocker, G ; Krokovny, P ; Kruse, F ; Kucharczyk, M ; Kudryavtsev, V ; Kurek, K ; Kvaratskheliya, T ; La Thi, VN ; Lacarrere, D ; Lafferty, G ; Lai, A ; Lambert, D ; Lambert, RW ; Lanciotti, E ; Lanfranchi, G ; Langenbruch, C ; Latham, T ; Lazzeroni, C ; Le Gac, R ; van Leerdam, J ; Lees, J-P ; Lefevre, R ; Leflat, A ; Lefranois, J ; Leo, S ; Leroy, O ; Lesiak, T ; Leverington, B ; Li, Y ; Liles, M ; Lindner, R ; Linn, C ; Lionetto, F ; Liu, B ; Liu, G ; Lohn, S ; Longstaff, I ; Lopes, JH ; Lopez-March, N ; Lowdon, P ; Lu, H ; Lucchesi, D ; Luisier, J ; Luo, H ; Luppi, E ; Lupton, O ; Machefert, F ; Machikhiliyan, IV ; Maciuc, F ; Maev, O ; Malde, S ; Manca, G ; Mancinelli, G ; Manzali, M ; Maratas, J ; Marconi, U ; Marino, P ; Marki, R ; Marks, J ; Martellotti, G ; Martens, A ; Martin Sanchez, A ; Martinelli, M ; Santos, DM ; Tostes, DM ; Massafferri, A ; Matev, R ; Mathe, Z ; Matteuzzi, C ; Mazurov, A ; McCann, M ; McCarthy, J ; McNab, A ; McNulty, R ; McSkelly, B ; Meadows, B ; Meier, F ; Meissner, M ; Merk, M ; Milanes, DA ; Minard, M-N ; Rodriguez, JM ; Monteil, S ; Moran, D ; Morandin, M ; Morawski, P ; Morda, A ; Morello, MJ ; Mountain, R ; Mous, I ; Muheim, F ; Mueller, K ; Muresan, R ; Muryn, B ; Muster, B ; Naik, P ; Nakada, T ; Nandakumar, R ; Nasteva, I ; Needham, M ; Neubert, S ; Neufeld, N ; Nguyen, AD ; Nguyen, TD ; Nguyen-Mau, C ; Nicol, M ; Niess, V ; Niet, R ; Nikitin, N ; Nikodem, T ; Novoselov, A ; Oblakowska-Mucha, A ; Obraztsov, V ; Oggero, S ; Ogilvy, S ; Okhrimenko, O ; Oldeman, R ; Onderwater, G ; Orlandea, M ; Goicochea, JMO ; Owen, P ; Oyanguren, A ; Pal, BK ; Palano, A ; Palutan, M ; Panman, J ; Papanestis, A ; Pappagallo, M ; Pappalardo, L ; Parkes, C ; Parkinson, CJ ; Passaleva, G ; Patel, GD ; Patel, M ; Patrignani, C ; Pavel-Nicorescu, C ; Alvarez, AP ; Pearce, A ; Pellegrino, A ; Penso, G ; Altarelli, MP ; Perazzini, S ; Trigo, EP ; Perret, P ; Perrin-Terrin, M ; Pescatore, L ; Pesen, E ; Pessina, G ; Petridis, K ; Petrolini, A ; Olloqui, EP ; Pietrzyk, B ; Pilar, T ; Pinci, D ; Pistone, A ; Playfer, S ; Casasus, MP ; Polci, F ; Polok, G ; Poluektov, A ; Polycarpo, E ; Popov, A ; Popov, D ; Popovici, B ; Potterat, C ; Powell, A ; Prisciandaro, J ; Pritchard, A ; Prouve, C ; Pugatch, V ; Navarro, AP ; Punzi, G ; Qian, W ; Rachwal, B ; Rademacker, JH ; Rakotomiaramanana, B ; Rama, M ; Rangel, MS ; Raniuk, I ; Rauschmayr, N ; Raven, G ; Redford, S ; Reichert, S ; Reid, MM ; dos Reis, AC ; Ricciardi, S ; Richards, A ; Rinnert, K ; Molina, VR ; Romero, DAR ; Robbe, P ; Roberts, DA ; Rodrigues, AB ; Rodrigues, E ; Perez, PR ; Roiser, S ; Romanovsky, V ; Vidal, AR ; Rotondo, M ; Rouvinet, J ; Ruf, T ; Ruffini, F ; Ruiz, H ; Valls, PR ; Sabatino, G ; Saborido Silva, JJ ; Sagidova, N ; Sail, P ; Saitta, B ; Guimaraes, VS ; Sedes, BS ; Santacesaria, R ; Rios, CS ; Santovetti, E ; Sapunov, M ; Sarti, A ; Satriano, C ; Satta, A ; Savrie, M ; Savrina, D ; Schiller, M ; Schindler, H ; Schlupp, M ; Schmelling, M ; Schmidt, B ; Schneider, O ; Schopper, A ; Schune, M-H ; Schwemmer, R ; Sciascia, B ; Sciubba, A ; Seco, M ; Semennikov, A ; Senderowska, K ; Sepp, I ; Serra, N ; Serrano, J ; Seyfert, P ; Shapkin, M ; Shapoval, I ; Shcheglov, Y ; Shears, T ; Shekhtman, L ; Shevchenko, O ; Shevchenko, V ; Shires, A ; Coutinho, RS ; Simi, G ; Sirendi, M ; Skidmore, N ; Skwarnicki, T ; Smith, NA ; Smith, E ; Smith, E ; Smith, J ; Smith, M ; Snoek, H ; Sokoloff, MD ; Soler, FJP ; Soomro, F ; Souza, D ; De Paula, BS ; Spaan, B ; Sparkes, A ; Spinella, F ; Spradlin, P ; Stagni, F ; Stahl, S ; Steinkamp, O ; Stevenson, S ; Stoica, S ; Stone, S ; Storaci, B ; Stracka, S ; Straticiuc, M ; Straumann, U ; Stroili, R ; Subbiah, VK ; Sun, L ; Sutcliffe, W ; Swientek, S ; Syropoulos, V ; Szczekowski, M ; Szczypka, P ; Szilard, D ; Szumlak, T ; T'Jampens, S ; Teklishyn, M ; Tellarini, G ; Teodorescu, E ; Teubert, F ; Thomas, C ; Thomas, E ; van Tilburg, J ; Tisserand, V ; Tobin, M ; Tolk, S ; Tomassetti, L ; Tonelli, D ; Topp-Joergensen, S ; Torr, N ; Tournefier, E ; Tourneur, S ; Tran, MT ; Tresch, M ; Tsaregorodtsev, A ; Tsopelas, P ; Tuning, N ; Ubeda Garcia, M ; Ukleja, A ; Ustyuzhanin, A ; Uwer, U ; Vagnoni, V ; Valenti, G ; Vallier, A ; Gomez, RV ; Regueiro, PV ; Sierra, CV ; Vecchi, S ; Velthuis, JJ ; Veltri, M ; Veneziano, G ; Vesterinen, M ; Viaud, B ; Vieira, D ; Vilasis-Cardona, X ; Vollhardt, A ; Volyanskyy, D ; Voong, D ; Vorobyev, A ; Vorobyev, V ; Vo, C ; Voss, H ; de Vries, JA ; Waldi, R ; Wallace, C ; Wallace, R ; Wandernoth, S ; Wang, J ; Ward, DR ; Watson, NK ; Webber, AD ; Websdale, D ; Whitehead, M ; Wicht, J ; Wiechczynski, J ; Wiedner, D ; Wiggers, L ; Wilkinson, G ; Williams, MP ; Williams, M ; Wilson, FF ; Wimberley, J ; Wishahi, J ; Wislicki, W ; Witek, M ; Wormser, G ; Wotton, SA ; Wright, S ; Wu, S ; Wyllie, K ; Xie, Y ; Xing, Z ; Yang, Z ; Yuan, X ; Yushchenko, O ; Zangoli, M ; Zavertyaev, M ; Zhang, F ; Zhang, L ; Zhang, WC ; Zhang, Y ; Zhelezov, A ; Zhokhov, A ; Zhong, L ; Zvyagin, A (SPRINGER, 2014-05-01)
    The lifetime of the [Formula: see text] meson is measured using semileptonic decays having a [Formula: see text] meson and a muon in the final state. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of [Formula: see text], are collected by the LHCb detector in [Formula: see text] collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The measured lifetime is [Formula: see text]where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
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    Discovery of processive catalysis by an exo-hydrolase with a pocket-shaped active site.
    Streltsov, VA ; Luang, S ; Peisley, A ; Varghese, JN ; Ketudat Cairns, JR ; Fort, S ; Hijnen, M ; Tvaroška, I ; Ardá, A ; Jiménez-Barbero, J ; Alfonso-Prieto, M ; Rovira, C ; Mendoza, F ; Tiessler-Sala, L ; Sánchez-Aparicio, J-E ; Rodríguez-Guerra, J ; Lluch, JM ; Maréchal, J-D ; Masgrau, L ; Hrmova, M (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2019-05-20)
    Substrates associate and products dissociate from enzyme catalytic sites rapidly, which hampers investigations of their trajectories. The high-resolution structure of the native Hordeum exo-hydrolase HvExoI isolated from seedlings reveals that non-covalently trapped glucose forms a stable enzyme-product complex. Here, we report that the alkyl β-D-glucoside and methyl 6-thio-β-gentiobioside substrate analogues perfused in crystalline HvExoI bind across the catalytic site after they displace glucose, while methyl 2-thio-β-sophoroside attaches nearby. Structural analyses and multi-scale molecular modelling of nanoscale reactant movements in HvExoI reveal that upon productive binding of incoming substrates, the glucose product modifies its binding patterns and evokes the formation of a transient lateral cavity, which serves as a conduit for glucose departure to allow for the next catalytic round. This path enables substrate-product assisted processive catalysis through multiple hydrolytic events without HvExoI losing contact with oligo- or polymeric substrates. We anticipate that such enzyme plasticity could be prevalent among exo-hydrolases.
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    Angular-momentum nanometrology in an ultrathin plasmonic topological insulator film.
    Yue, Z ; Ren, H ; Wei, S ; Lin, J ; Gu, M (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2018-10-24)
    Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology has provided a highly sensitive detection platform for high-resolution optical imaging, sensing and metrology. Although the detection of optical beams carrying angular momentum have been explored with nanophotonic methods, the metrology of optical angular momentum has been limited to bulk optics. We demonstrate angular-momentum nanometrology through the spatial displacement engineering of plasmonic angular momentum modes in a CMOS-compatible plasmonic topological insulator material. The generation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on the surface of an ultrathin topological insulator Sb2Te3 film with a thickness of 100 nm is confirmed, exhibiting plasmonic figures of merit superior to noble metal plasmonics in the ultraviolet-visible frequency range. Angular-momentum nanometrology with a low crosstalk of less than -20 dB is achieved. This compact high-precision angular-momentum nanometrology opens an unprecedented opportunity for on-chip manipulation of optical angular momentum for high-capacity information processing, ultrasensitive molecular sensing, and ultracompact multi-functional optoelectronic devices.
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    Toward broadband, dynamic structuring of a complex plasmonic field
    Wei, S ; Si, G ; Malek, M ; Earl, SK ; Du, L ; Kou, SS ; Yuan, X ; Lin, J (AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE, 2018-06)
    The ability to tailor a coherent surface plasmon polariton (SPP) field is an important step toward many new opportunities for a broad range of nanophotonic applications. Previously, both scanning a converging SPP spot and designing SPP profiles using an ensemble of spots have been demonstrated. SPPs, however, are normally excited by intense, coherent light sources, that is, lasers. Hence, interference between adjacent spots is inevitable and will affect the overall SPP field distributions. We report a reconfigurable and wavelength-independent platform for generating a tailored two-dimensional (2D) SPP field distribution by considering the coherent field as a whole rather than as individual spots. With this new approach, the inherent constraints in a 2D coherent field distribution are revealed. Our design approach works not only for SPP waves but also for other 2D wave systems such as surface acoustic waves.
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    SuperTranscripts: a data driven reference for analysis and visualisation of transcriptomes (vol 18, pg 148, 2017)
    Davidson, NM ; Hawkins, ADK ; Oshlack, A (BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017-08-24)
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    A Direct Approach to In-Plane Stress Separation using Photoelastic Ptychography
    Anthony, N ; Cadenazzi, G ; Kirkwood, H ; Huwald, E ; Nugent, K ; Abbey, B (NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2016-08-04)
    The elastic properties of materials, either under external load or in a relaxed state, influence their mechanical behaviour. Conventional optical approaches based on techniques such as photoelasticity or thermoelasticity can be used for full-field analysis of the stress distribution within a specimen. The circular polariscope in combination with holographic photoelasticity allows the sum and difference of principal stress components to be determined by exploiting the temporary birefringent properties of materials under load. Phase stepping and interferometric techniques have been proposed as a method for separating the in-plane stress components in two-dimensional photoelasticity experiments. In this paper we describe and demonstrate an alternative approach based on photoelastic ptychography which is able to obtain quantitative stress information from far fewer measurements than is required for interferometric based approaches. The complex light intensity equations based on Jones calculus for this setup are derived. We then apply this approach to the problem of a disc under diametrical compression. The experimental results are validated against the analytical solution derived by Hertz for the theoretical displacement fields for an elastic disc subject to point loading.
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    Crystallisation of wild-type and variant forms of a recombinant plant enzyme β-D-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and preliminary X-ray analysis.
    Luang, S ; Ketudat Cairns, JR ; Streltsov, VA ; Hrmova, M (MDPI AG, 2010-07-19)
    Wild-type and variant crystals of a recombinant enzyme beta-d-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained by macroseeding and cross-seeding with microcrystals obtained from native plant protein. Crystals grew to dimensions of up to 500 x 250 x 375 mum at 277 K in the hanging-drops by vapour-diffusion. Further, the conditions are described that yielded the wild-type crystals with dimensions of 80 x 40 x 60 mum by self-nucleation vapour-diffusion in sitting-drops at 281 K. The wild-type and recombinant crystals prepared by seeding techniques achived full size within 5-14 days, while the wild-type crystals grown by self-nucleation appeared after 30 days and reached their maximum size after another two months. Both the wild-type and recombinant variant crystals, the latter altered in the key catalytic and substrate-binding residues Glu220, Trp434 and Arg158/Glu161 belonged to the P4(3)2(1)2 tetragonal space group, i.e., the space group of the native microcrystals was retained in the newly grown recombinant crystals. The crystals diffracted beyond 1.57-1.95 A and the cell dimensions were between a = b = 99.2-100.8 A and c = 183.2-183.6 A. With one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the calculated Matthews coefficients were between 3.4-3.5 A(3).Da(-1) and the solvent contents varied between 63.4% and 64.5%. The macroseeding and cross-seeding techniques are advantageous, where a limited amount of variant proteins precludes screening of crystallisation conditions, or where variant proteins could not be crystallized.