Computing and Information Systems - Research Publications
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ItemNo Preview AvailableUnderstanding How to Administer Voice Surveys through Smart Speakers(Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022-11-11)Smart speakers have become exceedingly popular and entered many people's homes due to their ability to engage users with natural conversations. Researchers have also looked into using smart speakers as an interface to collect self-reported health data through conversations. Responding to surveys prompted by smart speakers requires users to listen to questions and answer in voice without any visual stimuli. Compared to traditional web-based surveys, where users can see questions and answers visually, voice surveys may be more cognitively challenging. Therefore, to collect reliable survey data, it is important to understand what types of questions are suitable to be administered by smart speakers. We selected five common survey questionnaires and deployed them as voice surveys and web surveys in a within-subject study. Our 24 participants answered questions using voice and web questionnaires in one session. They then repeated the same study session after 1 week to provide a "retest'' response. Our results suggest that voice surveys have comparable reliability to web surveys. We find that, when using 5-point or 7-point scales, voice surveys take about twice as long as web surveys. Based on objective measurements, such as response agreement and test-retest reliability, and subjective evaluations of user experience, we recommend that researchers consider adopting the binary scale and 5-point numerical scales for voice surveys on smart speakers.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableEmotion trajectories in smartphone use: Towards recognizing emotion regulation in-the-wild(ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2022-10)
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ItemNo Preview AvailableArchitecting Analytics Across Multiple E-Learning Systems to Enhance Learning Design(IEEE COMPUTER SOC, 2021-04-01)
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ItemA System for Computational Assessment of Hand Hygiene Techniques(SPRINGER, 2022-05-06)The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a six-step hand hygiene technique. Although multiple studies have reported that this technique yields inadequate skin coverage outcomes, they have relied on manual labeling that provided low-resolution estimations of skin coverage outcomes. We have developed a computational system to precisely quantify hand hygiene outcomes and provide high-resolution skin coverage visualizations, thereby improving hygiene techniques. We identified frequently untreated areas located at the dorsal side of the hands around the abductor digiti minimi and the first dorsal interosseous. We also estimated that excluding Steps 3, 6R, and 6L from the six-step hand hygiene technique leads to cumulative coverage loss of less than 1%, indicating the potential redundancy of these steps. Our study demonstrates that the six-step hand hygiene technique could be improved to reduce the untreated areas and remove potentially redundant steps. Furthermore, our system can be used to computationally validate new proposed techniques, and help optimise hand hygiene procedures.
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ItemElectronic Monitoring Systems for Hand Hygiene: Systematic Review of Technology(JMIR PUBLICATIONS, INC, 2021-11-01)BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways of preventing health care-associated infections and reducing their transmission. Owing to recent advances in sensing technologies, electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems have been integrated into the daily routines of health care workers to measure their hand hygiene compliance and quality. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to summarize the latest technologies adopted in electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems and discuss the capabilities and limitations of these systems. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies were initially screened and assessed independently by the 2 authors, and disagreements between them were further summarized and resolved by discussion with the senior author. RESULTS: In total, 1035 publications were retrieved by the search queries; of the 1035 papers, 89 (8.60%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were retained for review. In summary, 73 studies used electronic monitoring systems to monitor hand hygiene compliance, including application-assisted direct observation (5/73, 7%), camera-assisted observation (10/73, 14%), sensor-assisted observation (29/73, 40%), and real-time locating system (32/73, 44%). A total of 21 studies evaluated hand hygiene quality, consisting of compliance with the World Health Organization 6-step hand hygiene techniques (14/21, 67%) and surface coverage or illumination reduction of fluorescent substances (7/21, 33%). CONCLUSIONS: Electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems face issues of accuracy, data integration, privacy and confidentiality, usability, associated costs, and infrastructure improvements. Moreover, this review found that standardized measurement tools to evaluate system performance are lacking; thus, future research is needed to establish standardized metrics to measure system performance differences among electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems. Furthermore, with sensing technologies and algorithms continually advancing, more research is needed on their implementation to improve system performance and address other hand hygiene-related issues.
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ItemTeam Dynamics in Hospital Workflows: An Exploratory Study of a Smartphone Task Manager(JMIR PUBLICATIONS, INC, 2021-08)BACKGROUND: Although convenient and reliable modern messaging apps like WhatsApp enable efficient communication among hospital staff, hospitals are now pivoting toward purpose-built structured communication apps for various reasons, including security and privacy concerns. However, there is limited understanding of how we can examine and improve hospital workflows using the data collected through such apps as an alternative to costly and challenging research methods like ethnography and patient record analysis. OBJECTIVE: We seek to identify whether the structure of the collected communication data provides insights into hospitals' workflows. Our analysis also aims to identify ways in which task management platforms can be improved and designed to better support clinical workflows. METHODS: We present an exploratory analysis of clinical task records collected over 22 months through a smartphone app that enables structured communication between staff to manage and execute clinical workflows. We collected over 300,000 task records between July 2018 and May 2020 completed by staff members including doctors, nurses, and pharmacists across all wards in an Australian hospital. RESULTS: We show that important insights into how teams function in a clinical setting can be readily drawn from task assignment data. Our analysis indicates that predefined labels such as urgency and task type are important and impact how tasks are accepted and completed. Our results show that both task sent-to-accepted (P<.001) and sent-to-completed (P<.001) times are significantly higher for routine tasks when compared to urgent tasks. We also show how task acceptance varies across teams and roles and that internal tasks are more efficiently managed than external tasks, possibly due to increased trust among team members. For example, task sent-to-accepted time (minutes) is significantly higher (P<.001) for external assignments (mean 22.10, SD 91.45) when compared to internal assignments (mean 19.03, SD 82.66). CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone-based task assignment apps can provide unique insights into team dynamics in clinical settings. These insights can be used to further improve how well these systems support clinical work and staff.
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ItemNo Preview AvailableGrowing Up With Pervasive Computing(IEEE COMPUTER SOC, 2020-01-01)
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ItemNo Preview AvailableInferring Circadian Rhythms of Cognitive Performance in Everyday Life(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2020-01-01)Physical, mental, and behavioral processes of most living beings underlie cyclic changes, mainly governed by the day-night cycle. Investigations of these circadian rhythms have traditionally required constrained settings and invasive methods, such as repetitive blood testing and testing in sleep laboratories. Recent developments in pervasive technology, e.g., the proliferation of smartphones in our everyday lives, allow us to develop less intrusive ways to infer circadian rhythmicity in everyday settings. In this article, we present an overview of the current state of research, describe a mobile toolkit for collecting ground truth data on cognitive state fluctuations, and detail the implementation of a wearable system to unobtrusively detect alertness changes in the wild. Understanding and monitoring circadian rhythms will lead to the development of interventions to support mental health, physical health, and will ease the negative consequences of time shifts inflicted by jet lag or shift-work.
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ItemQuantifying the Effect of Social Presence on Online Social Conformity(ACM, 2020-05-28)Social conformity occurs when individuals in group settings change their personal opinion to be in agreement with the majority's position. While recent literature frequently reports on conformity in online group settings, the causes for online conformity are yet to be fully understood. This study aims to understand how social presencei.e., the sense of being connected to others via mediated communication, influences conformity among individuals placed in online groups while answering subjective and objective questions. Acknowledging its multifaceted nature, we investigate three aspects of online social presence: user representation (generic vs.user-specific avatars), interactivity (discussion vs.no discussion ), and response visibility (public vs.private ). Our results show an overall conformity rate of 30% and main effects from task objectivity, group size difference between the majority and the minority, and self-confidence on personal answer. Furthermore, we observe an interaction effect between interactivity and response visibility, such that conformity is highest in the presence of peer discussion and public responses, and lowest when these two elements are absent. We conclude with a discussion on the implications of our findings in designing online group settings, accounting for the effects of social presence on conformity.