Melbourne Law School - Research Publications
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ItemImproving family communication after a new genetic diagnosis: a randomised controlled trial of a genetic counselling intervention(BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2014-03-14)BACKGROUND: Genetic information given to an individual newly diagnosed with a genetic condition is likely to have important health implications for other family members. The task of communicating with these relatives commonly falls to the newly diagnosed person. Talking to relatives about genetic information can be challenging and is influenced by many factors including family dynamics. Research shows that many relatives remain unaware of relevant genetic information and the possible impact on their own health. This study aims to evaluate whether a specific genetic counselling intervention for people newly diagnosed with a genetic condition, implemented over the telephone on a number of occasions, could increase the number of at-risk relatives who make contact with genetics services after a new genetic diagnosis within a family. METHODS: This is a prospective, multi-centre randomised controlled trial being conducted at genetics clinics at five public hospitals in Victoria, Australia. A complex genetic counselling intervention has been developed specifically for this trial. Probands (the first person in a family to present with a diagnosis of a genetic condition) are being recruited and randomised into one of two arms - the telephone genetic counselling intervention arm and the control arm receiving usual care. The number of at-risk relatives for each proband will be estimated from a family pedigree collected at the time of diagnosis. The primary outcome will be measured by comparing the proportion of at-risk relatives in each arm of the trial who make subsequent contact with genetics services. DISCUSSION: This study, the first randomised controlled trial of a complex genetic counselling intervention to enhance family communication, will provide evidence about how best to assist probands to communicate important new genetic information to their at-risk relatives. This will inform genetic counselling practice in the context of future genomic testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ANZCTRN12608000642381.
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ItemProtecting Future Children from In-Utero Harm(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016-07)The actions of pregnant women can cause harm to their future children. However, even if the possible harm is serious and likely to occur, the law will generally not intervene. A pregnant woman is an autonomous person who is entitled to make her own decisions. A fetus in-utero has no legal right to protection. In striking contrast, the child, if born alive, may sue for injury in-utero; and the child is entitled to be protected by being removed from her parents if necessary for her protection. Indeed, there is a legal obligation for health professionals to report suspected harm, and for authorities to protect the child's wellbeing. We ask whether such contradictory responses are justified. Should the law intervene where a pregnant woman's actions risk serious and preventable fetal injury? The argument for legal intervention to protect a fetus is sometimes linked to the concept of 'fetal personhood' and the moral status of the fetus. In this article we will suggest that even if the fetus is not regarded as a separate person, and does not have the legal or moral status of a child, indeed, even if the fetus is regarded as having no legal or moral status, there is an ethical and legal case for intervening to prevent serious harm to a future child. We examine the arguments for and against intervention on behalf of the future child, drawing on the example of excessive maternal alcohol intake.
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ItemThe Schiavo and Korp cases: Conceptualising end-of-life decision making(Law Book Co., 2005)An incompetent, terminally ill patient can be viewed in two ways – as a person who is dying, when futile, life-prolonging treatment can be lawfully withdrawn; or a person with a disability, for whom a guardian must be appointed to decide about treatment. Terri Schiavo’s husband took the first view and her parents the second. Maria Korp was regarded as dying when treatment was withdrawn. The difference in conceptualising a patient’s situation is critical. Where a patient is dying, treatment can be lawfully withdrawn whatever the view of the relatives; they cannot require treatment to be continued. Where a patient has a disability and a surrogate decision maker is appointed, the focus is on what the patient would have wanted in such circumstances, so that the surrogate can act in accordance with the patient’s wishes. That deflects attention from the fundamental legal principle that whatever a patient or the relatives want, they are not legally entitled to demand treatment that doctors consider futile in the circumstances.
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ItemEffects of tort law reform on medical liability(Thomson, 2005)In the period 2001-2004, legislation has been passed in all Australian jurisdictions to effect “tort law reform”. This article outlines some of these changes, focusing particularly on the amendments to the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), though it also draws attention to corresponding changes in other jurisdictions. The new legislation creates new immunities from liability; limits recovery for psychiatric injury; reintroduces in modified form the Bolam test of professional negligence; replaces the “not far-fetched or fanciful” test of foreseeability with one requiring that the risk be “not insignificant”; extends the scope of the traditional defence of voluntary assumption of risk; and provides caps, thresholds and a higher discount rate in relation to damages. The impact that these changes may have on the liability of health professionals is considered.
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ItemUndertaking research in other countries: National ethico-legal barometers and international ethical consensus statements(PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2007-02)Is it ethical for scientists to conduct or to benefit from research in another country if that research would be unlawful, or not generally accepted, in their own country?
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ItemNEUROIMAGING AND THE WITHDRAWAL OF LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT FROM PATIENTS IN VEGETATIVE STATE(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2009)