Melbourne Law School - Research Publications

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    Inward foreign investment screening targets China: interdisciplinary perspectives*
    McCalman, P ; Puzzello, L ; Voon, T ; Walter, A (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023-06-28)
    Screening of inward foreign investment in numerous countries worldwide has heightened in recent years for a range of reasons, one of which is the volume of Chinese outward investment. Moulding screening policies around concerns about Chinese investment has been a common pattern, particularly among developed countries and allies of the United States. The application of screening measures to Chinese investments in particular is also seen in recent practice in numerous countries. These developments create potential inconsistencies with international investment law, at least for those countries with an international investment agreement with China. The 2020 arbitral award in Global Telecom v Canada shows that even a provision that explicitly excludes investment screening decisions from a bilateral investment treaty may not apply to prevent all related investment treaty claims. The increased use of screening as a policy tool, with respect to China and otherwise, also raises questions about economic rationale and impact. Put simply, blocking a foreign investment proposal may have negative effects on shareholders, jobs and the economy itself, while even the existence of a restrictive screening regime and the threat of the imposition of conditions on a deal may dampen the appeal for foreign investors.
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    The Australian Constitution as a Framework for Securing Economic Justice
    Emerton, P ; James, K (SAGE Publications, 2023-09-01)
    We contend that, contrary to mainstream understanding, the Australian Constitution provides a meaningful framework for ensuring economic justice, by virtue of its conferral upon the Commonwealth Parliament of particular legislative powers, namely the income justice and taxation powers. We draw on Rawlsian political theory, together with constitutional theory including recent work on constitutional directive principles, to explain how a constitution, and specifically the Australian Constitution, can impose requirements upon the political order independently of its operation as a legal instrument whose legal meaning is interpreted and applied by the courts. We use this novel account of the relationship between political and legal constitutionalism to establish the consequences, for each branch of government, of this constitutional requirement to secure economic justice. This includes a defence, from the perspective of political as well as legal constitutionalism, of the constitutionality of laws imposing retrospective taxation.
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    Regulatory pluralism and the resolution of collective labour disputes in Southeast Asia
    Landau, I ; Howe, J ; Tran, TTK ; Mahy, P ; Sutherland, C (SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2023-09)
    This paper proposes a new framework for the analysis of collective labour dispute resolution. It begins by explaining why dominant conceptual frameworks in IR and labour law scholarship are insufficient on their own to capture the plurality of regulatory sources that bear upon collective labour dispute resolution. The authors then draw on theoretical insights from regulatory studies on the presence and interaction of multiple regulatory orders, and socio-legal scholarship on dispute resolution, to propose a framework that enables the investigation of both the formal and informal aspects of labour dispute resolution and their interplay. This framework disaggregates data collection and analysis into five components: (i) actors; (ii) nature of dispute; (iii) arenas and processes; (iv) interactions; and (v) outcomes. The framework is particularly tailored to, and based on evidence from, Southeast Asia, but may also have wider application beyond this region.
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    Two-step offer and return of multiple types of additional genomic findings to families after ultrarapid trio genomic testing in the acute care setting: a study protocol.
    Bouffler, SE ; Lee, L ; Lynch, F ; Martyn, M ; Lynch, E ; Macciocca, I ; Curnow, L ; McCorkell, G ; Lunke, S ; Chong, B ; Marum, JE ; Delatycki, M ; Downie, L ; Goranitis, I ; Vears, DF ; Best, S ; Clausen, M ; Bombard, Y ; Stark, Z ; Gaff, CL (BMJ, 2023-06-02)
    INTRODUCTION: As routine genomic testing expands, so too does the opportunity to look for additional health information unrelated to the original reason for testing, termed additional findings (AF). Analysis for many different types of AF may be available, particularly to families undergoing trio genomic testing. The optimal model for service delivery remains to be determined, especially when the original test occurs in the acute care setting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Families enrolled in a national study providing ultrarapid genomic testing to critically ill children will be offered analysis for three types of AF on their stored genomic data: paediatric-onset conditions in the child, adult-onset conditions in each parent and reproductive carrier screening for the parents as a couple. The offer will be made 3-6 months after diagnostic testing. Parents will have access to a modified version of the Genetics Adviser web-based decision support tool before attending a genetic counselling appointment to discuss consent for AF. Parental experiences will be evaluated using qualitative and quantitative methods on data collected through surveys, appointment recordings and interviews at multiple time points. Evaluation will focus on parental preferences, uptake, decision support use and understanding of AF. Genetic health professionals' perspectives on acceptability and feasibility of AF will also be captured through surveys and interviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This project received ethics approval from the Melbourne Health Human Research Ethics Committee as part of the Australian Genomics Health Alliance protocol: HREC/16/MH/251. Findings will be disseminated through peer-review journal articles and at conferences nationally and internationally.
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    Cultural water and Indigenous water science Australia shows the need for more sustainable and just water management
    O'Donnell, E ; Kennedy, M ; Garrick, D ; Horne, A ; Woods, R (AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE, 2023-08-11)
    Australia shows the need for more sustainable and just water management.
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    Regulating non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for fetal sex determination
    Taylor-Sands, M ; Warton, C ; Bowman-Smart, H (OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2023-05-27)
    Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be used to determine the chromosomal sex of the fetus at an early stage in a pregnancy. The use of NIPT for fetal sex determination raises concerns about potential selective termination of pregnancy by prospective parents who desire a child of a particular sex. Although sex selection for medical reasons is generally accepted, non-medical sex selection (NMSS) has been the subject of considerable controversy. In this article, we explore the current regulatory landscape around reproductive genetic testing techniques that may lead to NMSS, both internationally and within Australia. Specifically, we contrast the approach to regulating preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) with the minimal regulation of NIPT in Australia as a case study for reform. We examine ethical concerns raised in relation to NMSS, which form the basis of the current moratorium on the use of PGT for NMSS. We then highlight some key differences between using PGT for NMSS and NIPT for fetal sex determination to determine whether access to the latter should be regulated and, if so, how. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to restrict access to NIPT for fetal sex determination and, based on our Australian case study, recommend a facilitative approach to regulating NIPT that would support individuals to make informed reproductive decisions.
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    Tech money in civil society: whose interests do digital rights organisations represent?
    Goldenfein, J ; Mann, M (ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2023-01-02)
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    Ethical issues associated with prenatal screening using non-invasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome aneuploidy
    Johnston, M ; Warton, C ; Pertile, MD ; Taylor-Sands, M ; Delatycki, MB ; Hui, L ; Savulescu, J ; Mills, C (WILEY, 2022-08-27)
    Prenatal screening for sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) is increasingly available through expanded non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). NIPT for SCAs raises complex ethical issues for clinical providers, prospective parents and future children. This paper discusses the ethical issues that arise around NIPT for SCAs and current guidelines and protocols for management. The first section outlines current practice and the limitations of NIPT for SCAs. It then outlines key guidelines before discussing the ethical issues raised by this use of NIPT. We conclude that while screening for SCAs should be made available for people seeking to use NIPT, its implementation requires careful consideration of what, when and how information is provided to users.
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    The ChatGPT Artificial Intelligence Chatbot: How Well Does It Answer Accounting Assessment Questions?
    Wood, DA ; Achhpilia, MP ; Adams, MT ; Aghazadeh, S ; Akinyele, K ; Akpan, M ; Allee, KD ; Allen, AM ; Almer, ED ; Ames, D ; Arity, V ; Barr-Pulliam, D ; Basoglu, KA ; Belnap, A ; Bentley, JW ; Berg, T ; Berglund, NR ; Berry, E ; Bhandari, A ; Bhuyan, MNH ; Black, PW ; Blondeel, E ; Bond, D ; Bonrath, A ; Borthick, AF ; Boyle, ES ; Bradford, M ; Brandon, DM ; Brazel, JF ; Brockbank, BG ; Burger, M ; Byzalov, D ; Cannon, JN ; Caro, C ; Carr, AH ; Cathey, J ; Cating, R ; Charron, K ; Chavez, S ; Chen, J ; Chen, JC ; Chen, JW ; Cheng, C ; Cheng, X ; Christensen, BE ; Church, KS ; Cicone, NJ ; Constance, P ; Cooper, LA ; Correia, CL ; Coyne, J ; Cram, WA ; Curtis, A ; Daigle, RJ ; Dannemiller, S ; Davenport, SA ; Dawson, GS ; De Meyst, KJL ; Dell, S ; Demirkan, S ; Denison, CA ; Desai, H ; DeSimone, S ; Diehl, LM ; Dimes, R ; Dong, B ; Donnelly, A ; du Pon, A ; Duan, HK ; Duffey, A ; Dunn, RT ; Durkin, MP ; Dzuranin, AC ; Eberle, RM ; Ege, MS ; El Mahdy, D ; Esplin, A ; Eulerich, M ; Everaert, P ; Farah, N ; Farish, L ; Favere-Marchesi, M ; Fayard, D ; Filosa, JR ; Ford, M ; Franz, DR ; Fulmer, BP ; Fulmer, S ; Furner, ZZ ; Gantman, S ; Garner, S ; Garrett, J ; Geng, X ; Golden, J ; Goldman, W ; Gomez, J ; Gooley, M ; Granitto, SP ; Green, KY ; Greenman, CL ; Gupta, G ; Guymon, RN ; Hale, K ; Harper, CJ ; Hartt, SA ; Hawk, H ; Hawkins, SR ; Hawkins, EM ; Hay, DC ; Heinzelmann, R ; Henderson, CD ; Hendricks, BE ; Heninger, WG ; Hill, MS ; Holden, N ; Holderness, DK ; Holt, TP ; Hoopes, JL ; Hsieh, S-F ; Huang, F ; Huang, H-W ; Huang, T-C ; Huels, BW ; Hunter, K ; Hurley, PJ ; Inger, K ; Islam, S ; Ison, I ; Issa, H ; Jackson, AB ; Jackson, SC ; Janvrin, DJ ; Jimenez, PD ; Johanson, D ; Judd, JS ; Kawada, BS ; Kelton, AS ; Kern, S ; Kerr, JN ; Keune, MB ; Kim, M ; Knox, BD ; Kogan, G ; Kotb, A ; Krane, R ; Kremin, J ; Krieg, KS ; Kugel, J ; Kulset, EM ; Kuruppu, C ; LaDuca, G ; Lamberton, BA ; Lamboy-Ruiz, MA ; Lang, B ; Larocque, SA ; Larson, MP ; Lawson, BP ; Lawson, JG ; Lee, L ; Lenk, MM ; Li-Kuehne, M ; Liljegren, J ; Lin, Y-H ; Liu, W-P ; Liu, Z ; Lock, B ; Long, JH ; Loraas, T ; Lowensohn, S ; Loy, TR ; Lyngstadaas, H ; Maas, W ; MacGregor, JE ; Madsen, DØ ; Malone, CL ; Margolin, M ; Marshall, ME ; Martin, RM ; Mpofu, CM ; McCoy, C ; McGuigan, NC ; McSwain, DN ; Meckfessel, MD ; Mellon, MJ ; Melton, OS ; Mercado, JM ; Mitsuda, S ; Modugu, K ; Moehrle, S ; Chaghervand, AM ; Moffitt, K ; Moon, JS ; Muehlmann, B ; Murray, J ; Mwaungulu, ES ; Myers, N ; Naegle, JC ; Ndicu, MJ ; Nelson, AS ; Nguyen, AL ; Niederkofler, T ; Nikbakht, E ; O'Brien, AD ; Ogunade, KM ; O'Leary, D ; Oler, MJ ; Oler, DK ; Olsen, KJ ; Otalor, JI ; Outlaw, KW ; Ozlanski, ME ; Parlier, J ; Paterson, JS ; Pearson, CA ; Petersen, MJ ; Petra, ST ; Pickard, MD ; Pickerd, J ; Pinsker, R ; Plante, C ; Plečnik, JM ; Price, RA ; Quick, LA ; Raedy, J ; Raschke, R ; Ravenscraft, J ; Richardson, V ; Rixom, BA ; Robertson, JF ; Rock, I ; Romney, MA ; Rozario, A ; Ruff, MF ; Rupley, K ; Saeedi, A ; Saiewitz, A ; Salzsieder, LW ; Sarkar, S ; Saulls, M ; Scanlan, TA ; Schaefer, TJ ; Schaupp, D ; Schneider, GP ; Seebeck, A ; Sellers, RD ; Seto, SC ; Sevel, R-L ; Shan, Y ; Sherwood, MG ; Singorahardjo, M ; Skaftadottir, HK ; Skomra, J ; Smith, JL ; Smith, DO ; Smith, J ; Snow, MC ; Sommerfeldt, RD ; Sorensen, KB ; Sorensen, TL ; Spieler, AC ; Stallings, MA ; Stallings, L ; Stancill, A ; Stanley, JD ; Stefaniak, CM ; Stephens, NM ; Stewart, BW ; Stratopoulos, TC ; Street, DA ; Subedi, M ; Summers, SL ; Sundkvist, CH ; Synn, C ; Tadesse, A ; Tapis, GP ; Tassin, K ; Taylor, S ; Teal, M ; Teeter, R ; Tharapos, M ; Theis, JC ; Thomas, J ; Thompson, KS ; Thornock, TA ; Tietz, W ; Travalent, AM ; Trinkle, BS ; Truelson, JM ; Turner, MC ; Vagner, B ; Vakilzadeh, H ; van der Geest, J ; van Pelt, V ; Vandervelde, SD ; Vega, J ; Vera-Muñoz, S ; Villanueva, B ; Vincent, NE ; Wagener, M ; Walton, S ; Warne, RC ; Watanabe, OV ; Watson, D ; Watson, MW ; Weber, J ; Weirich, T ; West, AN ; Wilford, AL ; Wilson, AB ; Winrow, B ; Winrow, T ; Winrow, TS ; Wiseman, D ; Witte, AL ; Wood, BD ; Wood, J ; Woolley, D ; Wright, NS ; Wu, J ; Xiong, X ; Yatsenko, D ; Yazzie, CE ; Young, GM ; Zhang, C ; Zimmerman, AB ; Zoet, E (American Accounting Association, 2023-11-01)
    ABSTRACT ChatGPT, a language-learning model chatbot, has garnered considerable attention for its ability to respond to users’ questions. Using data from 14 countries and 186 institutions, we compare ChatGPT and student performance for 28,085 questions from accounting assessments and textbook test banks. As of January 2023, ChatGPT provides correct answers for 56.5 percent of questions and partially correct answers for an additional 9.4 percent of questions. When considering point values for questions, students significantly outperform ChatGPT with a 76.7 percent average on assessments compared to 47.5 percent for ChatGPT if no partial credit is awarded and 56.5 percent if partial credit is awarded. Still, ChatGPT performs better than the student average for 15.8 percent of assessments when we include partial credit. We provide evidence of how ChatGPT performs on different question types, accounting topics, class levels, open/closed assessments, and test bank questions. We also discuss implications for accounting education and research.