School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - Research Publications

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    Impact of the European clinical trials directive on prospective academic clinical trials associated with BMT.
    Frewer, LJ ; Coles, D ; van der Lans, IA ; Schroeder, D ; Champion, K ; Apperley, JF (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2011-03)
    The European Clinical Trials Directive (EU 2001; 2001/20/EC) was introduced to improve the efficiency of commercial and academic clinical trials. Concerns have been raised by interested organizations and institutions regarding the potential for negative impact of the Directive on non-commercial European clinical research. Interested researchers within the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) were surveyed to determine whether researcher experiences confirmed this view. Following a pilot study, an internet-based questionnaire was distributed to individuals in key research positions in the European haemopoietic SCT community. Seventy-one usable questionnaires were returned from participants in different EU member states. The results indicate that the perceived impact of the European Clinical Trials Directive has been negative, at least in the research areas of interest to the EBMT.
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    Vulnerability: too vague and too broad?
    Schroeder, D ; Gefenas, E (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2009-04)
    Imagine you are walking down a city street. It is windy and raining. Amidst the bustle you see a young woman. She sits under a railway bridge, hardly protected from the rain and holds a woolen hat containing a small number of coins. You can see that she trembles from the cold. Or imagine seeing an old woman walking in the street at dusk, clutching her bag with one hand and a walking stick with the other. A group of male youths walk behind her without overtaking, drunk and in the mood for mischief. It doesn't need an academic to say what vulnerability is. We can all see it, much more often than we care to.
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    Does the Pharmaceutical Sector Have a Coresponsibility for the Human Right to Health?
    Schroeder, D (CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2011-04)
    The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental human right, which has been part of international law since 1948. States and their institutions are the primary duty bearers responsible for ensuring that human rights are respected, protected, and fulfilled. However, more recently it has been argued that pharmaceutical companies have a coresponsibility to fulfill the human right to health. Most prominently, this coresponsibility has been expressed in the United Nations (UN) Millennium Goal 8 Target 4. “In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.”
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    Introduction: Access to Life-Saving Medicines and Intellectual Property Rights
    Schroeder, D (CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2011-04)
    As the authors of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Gap Task Force have noted, access to medicines is a vital component of realizing the human right to health. Without reliable access to drugs, the highest attainable standard of health cannot be achieved.
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    Access to Life-Saving Medicines and Intellectual Property Rights: An Ethical Assessment
    Schroeder, D ; Singer, P (CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2011-04)
    Dying before one’s time has been a prominent theme in classic literature and poetry. Catherine Linton’s youthful death inWuthering Heightsleaves behind a bereft Heathcliff and generations of mourning readers. The author herself, Emily Brontë, died young from tuberculosis. John Keats’Ode on Melancholycaptures the transitory beauty of 19th century human lives too often ravished by early death. Keats also died of tuberculosis, aged 25. “The bloom, whose petals nipped before they blew, died on the promise of the fruit” is how Percy Bysshe Shelley expressed his grief over Keats’ death. Emily Dickinson wroteSo Has a Daisy Vanished, being driven into depression by the early loss of loved ones from typhoid and tuberculosis.
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    Bioethics and Human Rights
    SCHROEDER, D. (Sage Publications, 2005)
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    Dignity: one, two, three, four, five, still counting.
    Schroeder, D (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2010)
    “Dissecting Bioethics,” edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics. The section is dedicated to the idea that words defined by bioethicists and others should not be allowed to imprison people's actual concerns, emotions, and thoughts. Papers that expose the many meanings of a concept, describe the different readings of a moral doctrine, or provide an alternative angle to seemingly self-evident issues are therefore particularly appreciated. The themes covered in the section so far include dignity, naturalness, public interest, community, disability, autonomy, parity of reasoning, symbolic appeals, and toleration. All submitted papers are peer reviewed. To submit a paper or to discuss a suitable topic, contact Tuija Takala at tuija.takala@helsinki.fi.
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    Informed consent: From medical research to traditional knowledge
    Schroeder, D (Springer Netherlands, 2009-12-01)
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    Justice and benefit sharing
    Schroeder, D (Springer Netherlands, 2009-12-01)
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    Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity
    Schroeder, D ; Pogge, T (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2009)
    Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity Doris Schroeder and Thomas Pogge Benefit sharing as envisaged by the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a relatively new idea in international law. Within the context of non-human biological resources, it aims to guarantee the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use by ensuring that its custodians are adequately rewarded for its preservation. Prior to the adoption of the CBD, access to biological resources was frequently regarded as a free-for-all. Bioprospectors were able to take resources out of their natural habitat and develop commercial products without sharing benefits with states or local communities. This paper asks how CBD-style benefit-sharing fits into debates of justice. It is argued that the CBD is an example of a set of social rules designed to increase social utility. It is also argued that a common heritage of humankind principle with inbuilt benefit-sharing mechanisms would be preferable to assigning bureaucratic property rights to non-human biological resources. However, as long as the international economic order is characterized by serious distributive injustices, as reflected in the enormous poverty-related death toll in developing countries, any morally acceptable means toward redressing the balance in favor of the disadvantaged has to be welcomed. By legislating for a system of justice-in-exchange covering nonhuman biological resources in preference to a free-for-all situation, the CBD provides a small step forward in redressing the distributive justice balance. It therefore presentsjustlegislation sensitive to the international relations context in the 21st century.