Abatement of damage caused by wildlife is an ongoing challenge throughout the world. Kangaroos are often considered problem species in Australia because they cause damage to vehicles and farm properties, as well as compete with livestock for food and water. Kangaroos are currently controlled in some areas by exclusion fencing, but mostly by shooting. The general public is applying pressure for the use of non-lethal methods of control with minimal pain to the animal and high target specificity. Deterrents are a common non-lethal method to control problem wildlife. (For complete abstract open document)