Zoology - Theses
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ItemA comparative study of the flora and fauna of exotic pine plantations and adjacent, indigenous eucalypt forests in Gippsland, Victoria( 1978-01)The introduction and establishment of a new and markedly different environment within a long established natural system provides an excellent opportunity to study the principles of adaptation and colonisation by native species. In Australia, an example is furnished by the conversion of large areas of native eucalypt forests to mono-cultured plantations of Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata). The principal aim of this study was to assess which species of native mammals, birds and higher plants are able to utilise or occupy such plantations. Successional aspects of community structure, and colonisation in pine forest systems, were investigated by considering stands of different ages. A variety of adjacent native eucalypt forests provided controls and indicated the range of potential colonisers. Various habitats in both forest types were studied with regard to potential nest sites and availability of food, in order to determine those habitats most favourable for mammals and birds. The effect, on wildlife, of clearing eucalypt forests, but leaving forest remnants along gullies, was also assessed.
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ItemIndividual variation in reproductive success in the sacred ibis( 1988)Factors affecting the reproductive success of individually colour-banded sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus stricitpennis (Gould), at Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria, were studied from November, 1983, to March, 1987. Although the majority of clutches were of three eggs, the modal fledging success was two young, due to starvation of the third chick. The likely adaptive value of brood reduction is discussed. Characteristics of individuals (e.g. weight, body condition, culmen length, estimated age and dominance status) had no discernible effect on the number of chicks raised to fledging from one attempt (fledging success). The structure of the dominance hierarchy among male sacred ibis at Healesville is described. Dominance relationships among females were not consistent and, therefore, analysis of dominance status was restricted to males. Weight was the major trait contributing to a male's dominance status. High-status males achieved a higher seasonal reproductive success than did low-status males in two seasons when resources were apparently at low levels. Reproductive success over five consecutive years was largely dependent on survival, but, no significant relationships between individual traits and survival were found. Male sacred ibis achieving high seasonal reproductive success tended to survive better than did less successful males. Thus, variation in success measured over a short term (one season) underestimated the variation between males in success measured over a long term (five years). Variation in success of females also increased with the longer sampling period, but not at as fast a rate as variation in male success. Variation in success is therefore significantly greater in males than females, even though the sacred ibis is a monogamous species. Variability in reproductive success and number of attempts among individuals is facilitated by the changes of mate frequently observed in individuals breeding more than once in a season. Female sacred ibis were found to invest more in any one attempt than were male ibis. Consequently, individual females averaged fewer nesting attempts per season than did males and, with the sex-ratio of unity, females were a limiting resource for males. The resulting opportunity for selection on males is apparently fulfilled to some degree, with high-status, heavy and old males being particularly successful in competition for mates.
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ItemPatterns in the distribution and abundance of reef fishes in South Eastern Australia( 2011)This research investigated patterns in the distribution and abundance of nearshore fishes of south-eastern Australia. I used two methods to survey fishes, underwater visual census (UVC) and baited remote underwater video (BRUV). A comparison between these methods revealed that BRUV recorded higher relative abundance of mobile predators, while UVC observed higher relative abundance of herbivores, territorial species, and small site-attached species. These results suggest that studies surveying diversity would do best to employ multiple methods. In cases where funds are limited, UVC may provide a more complete estimate of diversity than BRUV as UVC recorded higher diversity, species richness and more individuals. Combining measures of abundance with habitat data, I investigated fish-habitat associations, specifically exploring how altering spatial grain influenced the strength of correlations between fish and habitat. Species of different sizes responded to habitat measured over different scales, with large-bodied species only displaying strong correlations with habitat when it was measured over large scales. These results suggest that research quantifying fish-habitat associations needs to take spatial grain into account. In addition, many species may respond to changes in habitat at scales larger than are typically investigated. Understanding not only how species interact with their environment but also the scale at which these associations occur is essential for management and conservation. I investigated biogeographic patterns in the distribution of fishes in Victoria using abundance measured by BRUV and UVC. The BRUV data displayed a cline in change across the state in which dissimilarities between locations were linearly related to distance. In contrast, data collected using UVC indicated the presence of a large faunal break in the vicinity of Ninety Mile Beach, and a second break between Cape Conran and Cape Howe, suggesting that contemporary habitat discontinuity, flow and/or temperature may be important factors structuring communities in this region. At a still larger scale, I explored relationships at upper and lower bounds between body size, geographic range size and abundance using data collected from Australia and New Zealand. At maxima, the relationship between body size and abundance was negative but steeper than expected, possibly driven by diver-averse behaviour of large species. At minima, body size and geographic range size were positively related, implying that body size determines the minimum area that a species must occupy. In contrast, at the upper bound this relationship was negative for non-perciform fishes, a K-selected group whose geographic range size could be constrained by their limited dispersal capacity. Distribution-abundance relationships deviated from predictions, with a negative relationship at the upper bound for Perciformes, which could be driven by the high dispersal potential of widespread species that results in diffuse low-density populations. From these results, I concluded, first, that fishes appear to differ from terrestrial taxa, which may be attributed in part to large-bodied fishes’ limited capacity for dispersal. Second, the approach of applying regressions to maxima and minima uncovered relationships that would have been obscured had they been investigated at the mean, highlighting the importance of exploring limits in macroecological relationships.
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ItemResource partitioning among five sympatric mammalian herbivores on Yanakie Isthmus, south-eastern Australia( 2010)This thesis combines multiple approaches to improve our understanding of large herbivore ecology and organisation in a contemporary assemblage made up of species with independent evolutionary histories on Yanakie Isthmus, Wilsons Promontory National Park, Victoria, Australia. In particular, this thesis compares niche parameters among populations of five sympatric native and introduced herbivore species by simultaneously assessing overlap in resource use along two dimensions (spatial and trophic) at multiple scales, thereby providing insight into resource partitioning and competition within this herbivore assemblage. Faecal pellet counts demonstrated that inter-specific overlap in herbivore habitat use on Yanakie Isthmus was low, suggesting that spatial partitioning of habitat resources had occurred. However, resource partitioning appeared to be independent of coevolutionary history. Low overlap in habitat use implies low competition, and the lack of clear shifts in habitat use from preferred to suboptimal habitats suggested that inter-specific competition was not strong enough to cause competitive exclusion. However, low overlap in habitat use between the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and other species, and preferential use by rabbits (and avoidance by other species) of the habitat that appeared to have the highest carrying capacity, suggested that rabbits excluded other grazing herbivores from preferred habitat. High overlap in habitat use was apparent between some species, particularly grazers, indicating some potential for competition if resources are limiting. In particular, the eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus had a narrow niche, occurred at low densities and had low population metabolism relative to other species, consistent with competitive suppression. In contrast, the common wombat Vombatus ursinus appears to be the strongest competitor in this assemblage, being numerically dominant, utilising the greatest proportion of resources, and displaying a relatively broad habitat niche. Habitat modification by fire, including changes in vegetation composition and structure, altered fine-scale partitioning of habitat resources by sympatric herbivore species, and changed the composition of the herbivore community. Faecal pellet counts demonstrated a decrease in herbivore densities, particularly grazers, following the burn, probably associated with reduced ground layer vegetation cover. In contrast, there was an increase in the density of browsers, particularly the swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor, probably associated with increased shrub cover. Fine-scale partitioning of habitat resources was evident through inter-specific differences in abundance, population metabolism and use of fine-scale vegetation strata prior to and after the burn. Inter-specific differences in feeding strategies and thus resource requirements appear to facilitate coexistence within this assemblage. Further, overlap in fine-scale habitat use appears to be greater between native and introduced species than between native species, suggesting that species with independent evolutionary histories have inherently less resource partitioning than species with long coevolutionary histories. Microhistological diet analysis showed that the diets of the relatively large-bodied introduced hog deer Axis porcinus and relatively small native swamp wallaby consisted mainly of dicots. The diet of the small, introduced European rabbit contained similar proportions of monocots and dicots. The diets of the native eastern grey kangaroo, intermediate in size, and large native common wombats, consisted mainly of monocots, but kangaroos also consumed moderate amounts of dicots. Overlap in food use by the five species was high, particularly between native and introduced species, but also between some native species. Despite a high potential for food resource competition, it appears that coexistence of herbivores on Yanakie Isthmus is facilitated by ecological separation. However, patterns of ecological separation, niche breadth and diet overlap in this guild did not conform well to body-size related predictions: the species with the narrowest and the broadest diet niches were intermediate in size, and the largest species consumed a greater proportion of dicots than did several smaller species. Interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic constraints on diet choice are likely to influence the diet of herbivores on Yanakie Isthmus. This study provides important preliminary insights into herbivore community niche dynamics on Yanakie Isthmus. High diet overlap and overlap in habitat use at some scales between some species, coupled with resource limitation is likely to result in inter-specific competition, particularly given indications of resource limitation through diet niche adjustments, broad niches and high diet overlap between the native and introduced herbivores in this community. Experimental manipulation is required to obtain a mechanistic understanding of species interactions and conclusively demonstrate competition.