School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences - Theses
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ItemMechanical properties of wood following microwave and resin modification( 2002)The influence of microwave and resin modification of wood on its density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and surface hardness is the subject of this thesis. Microwave energy has been used in industrial processing for many years. Microwave energy is an attractive option for wood processing and drying. Recent studies have shown that microwave energy can be used to modify wood by rupturing ray cells to form a large number of cavities in its radial/longitudinal planes resulting in micro voids of various sizes throughout its cross-section. The resultant wood (`Torgvin') is more permeable and more flexible but has a lower density and mechanical properties (MOE, MOR and surface hardness) compared to the original wood. Further treatment to restore initial density and mechanical properties by addition of resin has resulted in a new timber product `Vintorg'. Initial trials of Vintorg production employed isocyanate resin. An increase in MOE, an increase in surface hardness and a 100% restoration of MOR of P. radiata heartwood was achieved. Despite being a tough adhesive, isocyanate has some drawbacks that may not make it acceptable for the production of Vintorg. This study therefore focused on melamine formaldehyde (MF) and furfuryl alcohol (FFA) resins as potential substitutes for isocyante resin in the manufacture of Vintorg. The study evaluates Vintorg produced by soaking P. radiata and E. regnans in these two resins. A factorial design is used to evaluate the effect of wood species, resin type and duration of soaking on resin uptake, resin loss, increase in density of Torgvin, density of Vintorg and mechanical properties of Vintorg. The results show that wood species and duration of soaking and resin type have significant effects on resin uptake. The increase in the density of Torgvin during the manufacture of Vintorg is found to be influenced by wood species, duration of soaking and resin type. A higher overall increase in the density of Torgvin was obtained in E. regnans compared to P. radiata. Melamine formaldehyde resin tends to have a greater effect on the increase in the density of E. regnans than P. radiata. Torgvin samples impregnated with FFA had a greater effect on increasing the density of P. radiata than E. regnans. Vintorg in the timber species tested is found to be the same or higher in MOE, much higher in density but lower in MOR than natural wood from the same species, irrespective of wood species, resin type or soaking time. Vintorg produced from P. radiata is also higher in surface hardness than natural wood from the same species irrespective of resin type and soaking time. It is interesting to note that surface hardness of Vintorg is lower in E. regnans as compared to natural wood from the same species. It is also evident that FFA and MF Vintorg are the same or higher in MOE but lower in MOR than isocyanateVintorg from the same species irrespective of wood species tested and the duration of soaking used. The FFA and MF Vintorg from are also the same or higher in surface hardness in the case of P. radiata but same or lower in the case of E. regnans. It is concluded that it may be possible to substitute the two resins for isocyanate resin in the production of Vintorg provided that a way is devised to ensure that the MOR of the resultant Vintorg is at least same or higher than that of original wood. It is recommended that further research be carried out to establish a microwave regime for optimal wood permeability and whilst minimizing the reduction in MOR, and that low cost, environmentally friendly resin systems are developed with low viscosity. These resins need to be tough enough to result in Vintorg with characteristics similar to Vintorg produced with isocyanate resin and superior to natural wood in terms of mechanical properties.
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ItemIncreased performance and durability of boron treated wood products by acrylate and furfuryl alcohol resins( 2000)Chemical modification of wood outlined in this thesis was carried out using Furfuryl alcohol and Acrylic resin. This thesis focused on impregnation of wood polymer composites (WPC) by chemical formulations that polymerise within the wood structure. A second investigation was based on the treatment of the wood with trimethyl borate (TMB) and attempts to immobilise it within the wood structure to extend the distribution of boric acid through the wood. Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) was the starting material from which WPC were made, and impregnation chemicals were TMB, furfuryl alcohol monomer, prepolymerised acrylic resin and combinations of both resins. The effect of catalysts was also investigated. Much of the work was aimed at enhancing retention of tri-methyl borate (TMB) in wood by designing the system that would lock boron based compounds within the wood. TMB was applied separately and in combination with resin formulations. The expected penetration pathway was via capillaries, pits and voids. It is postulated that after vapour diffusion of TMB into wood, TMB would hydrolyse and boric acid, the product of hydrolysis, would be deposited in the cell wall. Further, it was proposed that resin treatment would encapsulate boric acid within the cell wall during polymerisation and consequently reduce or eliminate leaching. To further improve the chances of success, momentary immersion treatment of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) with TMB in methanol and TMB in acrylic solution was also investigated. The result indicated that a greater penetration of TMB preservative would be achieved when it is applied with an acrylic solution than with methanol. From the statistical analysis, it was evident that in both cases, TMB in acrylic and TMB in methanol, TMB penetration was dependent on solution retention. In the latter case, solution retention increases with an increase in the proportion of acrylic in the solution. However, the penetration of TMB decreased as the solution viscosity increased and the penetration of TMB decreased as the concentration of methanol increased. Preservative penetration and retention were influenced by TMB concentration in both methanol and acrylic solutions. About 20% TMB was needed in an acrylic solution to penetrate about 85% of the area. In contrast, methanol solution containing 20% TMB penetrated only 60% of the area.