School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences - Theses
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ItemPhytocaps as biotic systems to mitigate landfill methane emissions( 2013)Landfill gas is a significant source of anthropogenic methane emissions and accounts for more than half of greenhouse gas emissions from waste sectors. While harvesting landfill gas for energy is the best mitigation option, methane oxidation by landfill cover soils is considered an important secondary measure to reduce landfill methane emissions. In recent years, regulatory control has evolved to allow consideration of alternative options for final covers. An evapotranspiration cover, also commonly known as phytocap in Australia, is one of the alternative cover options that has been widely considered and investigated. A phytocap presents a soil-plant alternative to the traditional barrier cap approach. It relies on the capacity of a porous layer of soil to store water, and the combination of evaporation and transpiration of vegetation to control the percolation of water into a landfill. When planted with native vegetation, it also improves the ecology and sustainability of a closed landfill. While the hydrological performance of phytocap has been investigated by a number of studies resulting in positive outcomes, its ability to serve also as a “biocover” for effective methane oxidation to mitigate emissions has received little attention. The main aim of this thesis was to assess phytocap performance in terms of enhancing methane oxidation activity in the cover soil and mitigating methane emissions. The research methodology included a full-scale field comparison between phytocaps and conventional compacted clay covers in terms of methane oxidation and emissions. A supplementary glasshouse experiment with both blank and planted soil columns was also conducted to investigate vegetation-methane interactions, and to identify plant influenced soil properties that would affect methane oxidation and emissions. This research forms a part of the 5-year Australian Alternative Cover Assessment Project (A-ACAP), co-funded by the Australian Research Council and Waste Management Association of Australia. In the full-scale field comparison, trial sites located at five landfills under a broad range of Australian climatic conditions have been monitored. The 5 A-ACAP trial sites with side-by-side phytocap and conventional cover test pads were built directly on top of active landfills with an aim to study their hydrological performance as well as methane mitigation efficiency. This thesis related to the methane mitigation component focused on the trial site located in Melbourne where more frequent monitoring campaigns have been conducted. The results of the field trial indicated that phytocaps could mitigate methane emissions more effectively compared to conventional covers. Emission rates detected from the Melbourne phytocap averaged at 1.45 gCH4/m2/day (out of the 17% measurements that resulted in significant positive fluxes), compared to the conventional cover which averaged at 5.57 gCH4/m2/day (out of the 65% measurements that resulted in significant positive fluxes). This positive finding is supported by the gas concentration profile data obtained from both types of covers. The field trial also concluded that the effectiveness of methane oxidation in phytocaps can be significantly enhanced with methane emission reduced to a negligible level when used in combination with gas extraction systems. In contrast, only a marginal gas extraction influence was observed on conventional covers. In addition to the overall reduction in emissions, phytocaps can also significantly reduce the amount of hot spots in surface emissions. For the glasshouse experiment, at both high and low gas influx rates, the planted soil columns showed high oxidation fractions (mostly higher than 0.5), which are comparable to the performance of some biocovers reported in the literature. Rather unexpectedly, the blank soil columns exhibited an even higher average CH4 oxidation fraction (average 0.89 under 36.5-73 gCH4/m2/day load) compared to the planted soil columns (average 0.67 under 36.5-73 gCH4/m2/day load). This finding appeared to be contradictory to the positive methane oxidation enhancement effects of vegetation in soil covers commonly reported in previous studies. With a closer examination, it was observed that the plant roots brought in a significant increase in soil gas diffusivity of the planted columns, which significantly shortened the methane retention time in the soil and subsequently reduced the methane oxidation capacity of the planted columns. The high oxidation fraction of the blank columns was attributed to the organic rich soil. Combining the research of this thesis with the findings of a concurrent A-ACAP hydrological study, it can be concluded that phytocaps provide an economical and sustainable option for new and old landfills to minimise water percolation and to mitigate methane emissions. As a result of achieving the objective of minimising percolation, the soil moisture profile of a phytocap may not be at its optimum for methane oxidation during certain periods of the year. Maintaining a balance between minimising water infiltration and promoting methane oxidation has to be addressed in a phytocap design in order to achieve optimum performance in both functionalities.