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where then shall hope and fear —

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Clemens, J 2020-08-03 where then shall hope and fear — The article examines a radical tradition of poetry in which the phenomena of hope and fear are thematized. Moving backwards in time, the argument focuses on work by Ali Alizadeh, John Ashbery, Samuel Johnson, Juvenal, Benedict Spinoza, Plato, and others. Journal Article

where then shall hope and fear —

Mon, 03 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT

The relevance of IELTS Academic Writing Task 2 to successful university writing

Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Pitman, Andrew 2019 The relevance of IELTS Academic Writing Task 2 to successful university writing Amidst accelerating globalisation, international students currently occupy a sizeable percentage of university enrolments in English-speaking countries. Of these countries, Australia has the highest ratio of international student tertiary enrolments at 21.5% (OECD, 2019). Due to this ongoing trend, the validity of high-stakes language tests has become more vital than ever before. For language tests to be valid for university entrance, they should elicit language that is relevant and applicable to successful university participation. This relates to the extrapolation of language elicited by tests to university contexts (Chapelle, Enright, & Jamieson, 2008). The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of language elicited by IELTS Academic Writing Task 2 (WT2) to successful graduate-level university writing produced for the Master of Applied Linguistics at the University of Melbourne. To date, studies investigating IELTS extrapolation have yielded limited evidence with little relevance to stakeholders. The present study addresses this issue by interviewing stakeholders about language needs and using the interview results to inform functional move-step analyses (Swales, 1990, 2004) of test and assignment writing for comparison. The results suggest that IELTS Academic WT2 is only somewhat relevant to successful university writing and highlight the need for students to develop skills in defining disciplinary concepts and interpreting study results. The results also suggest that IELTS scores should be interpreted with caution, given that claims pertaining to score use currently rest on weak extrapolation evidence. The methodological approach of the study demonstrates the potential to provide stronger extrapolation evidence if applied to broader contexts. © 2019 Andrew Pitman Masters Coursework thesis

Risk management in the era of recovery and rights

Carroll, A; McSherry, B Risk management in the era of recovery and rights SUMMARY Clinical decision-making in psychiatry is affected by many factors, including how best to reduce risks of harm while promoting autonomy and personal recovery. This article proposes guidance for clinical decision-making that is consistent with civil liability law. It emphasises collaboration, clarification of the available information and communication of decisions as a basis for recovery-oriented risk management. Journal Article

Valley interference and spin exchange at the atomic scale in silicon

Mon, 30 Nov 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Voisin, B; Bocquel, J; Tankasala, A; Usman, M; Salfi, J; Rahman, R; Simmons, MY; Hollenberg, LCL; Rogge, S 2020-11-30 Valley interference and spin exchange at the atomic scale in silicon Tunneling is a fundamental quantum process with no classical equivalent, which can compete with Coulomb interactions to give rise to complex phenomena. Phosphorus dopants in silicon can be placed with atomic precision to address the different regimes arising from this competition. However, they exploit wavefunctions relying on crystal band symmetries, which tunneling interactions are inherently sensitive to. Here we directly image lattice-aperiodic valley interference between coupled atoms in silicon using scanning tunneling microscopy. Our atomistic analysis unveils the role of envelope anisotropy, valley interference and dopant placement on the Heisenberg spin exchange interaction. We find that the exchange can become immune to valley interference by engineering in-plane dopant placement along specific crystallographic directions. A vacuum-like behaviour is recovered, where the exchange is maximised to the overlap between the donor orbitals, and pair-to-pair variations limited to a factor of less than 10 considering the accuracy in dopant positioning. This robustness remains over a large range of distances, from the strongly Coulomb interacting regime relevant for high-fidelity quantum computation to strongly coupled donor arrays of interest for quantum simulation in silicon. Journal Article

Consolidation effects on monotonic and cyclic capacity of plate anchors in sand

Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Chow, SH; Diambra, A; O'Loughlin, CD; Gaudin, C; Randolph, MF 2020-01-01 Consolidation effects on monotonic and cyclic capacity of plate anchors in sand This study investigated the change in monotonic and cyclic capacity of a plate anchor across different degrees of consolidation in dense sand. To quantify the effect of consolidation on anchor capacity, a framework is introduced and validated using centrifuge model anchor test data. The centrifuge tests considered a rectangular plate loaded at varying rates in dense sand, under both monotonic and irregular cyclic conditions, at a fixed embedment depth and with a horizontal load inclination (at the seabed). In order to vary from drained to undrained conditions, the sand was saturated using both water and a viscous pore fluid with viscosity approximately 700 times higher than water. The anchor's ultimate monotonic capacity in dense sand increased by up to 173% as the consolidation response evolved from drained to undrained with generation of dilation-induced suction. This increase in capacity across the consolidation regime can be adequately quantified using the proposed framework; however, uncertainty arises in achieving the theoretical undrained capacity. Both drained and undrained irregular cyclic loading resulted in anchor capacity increases of up to 33%, attributed to soil volume changes associated with cyclic densification under drained cyclic loading and excess pore pressure dissipation under undrained cyclic loading. Journal Article

2019 National Tax Clinic Project: Melbourne Law School Tax Clinic

Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Jogarajan, S 2020 2019 National Tax Clinic Project: Melbourne Law School Tax Clinic In 2019, Melbourne Law School (‘MLS’) ran a tax clinic for vulnerable taxpayers under the Federal Government’s National Tax Clinic trial. The trial was administered by the Australian Taxation Office. This paper discusses the experience of setting up and running the MLS Tax Clinic in 2019. The paper covers the clinic design, the activities undertaken by the clinic (advice, representation, education, and advocacy), and the observations and reflections of those involved – clients, tax practitioners, academics, and students. The paper concludes by making several recommendations in relation to legal and administrative reform to improve the tax experience for vulnerable taxpayers. Journal Article

Optimization Framework for DFG-based Automated Process Discovery Approaches

Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Augusto, A; Dumas, M; La Rosa, M; Leemans, S; Vanden Broucke, S 2020 Optimization Framework for DFG-based Automated Process Discovery Approaches The problem of automatically discovering business process models from event logs has been intensely investigated in the past two decades, leading to a wide range of approaches that strike various trade-offs between accuracy, model complexity, and execution time. A few studies have suggested that the accuracy of automated process discovery approaches can be enhanced by means of metaheuristic optimization techniques. However, these studies have remained at the level of proposals without validation on real-life datasets or they have only considered one metaheuristic in isolation. This article presents a metaheuristic optimization framework for automated process discovery. The key idea of the framework is to construct a Directly-Follows Graph (DFG) from the event log, to perturb this DFG so as to generate new candidate solutions, and to apply a DFG-based automated process discovery approach in order to derive a process model from each DFG. The framework can be instantiated by linking it to an automated process discovery approach, an optimization metaheuristic, and the quality measure to be optimized (e.g. fitness, precision, F-score). The article considers several instantiations of the framework corresponding to four optimization metaheuristics, three automated process discovery approaches (Inductive Miner – directly follows, Fodina, and Split Miner), and one accuracy measure (Markovian F-score). These framework instances are compared using a set of 20 real-life event logs. The evaluation shows that metaheuristic optimization consistently yields visible improvements in F-score for all the three automated process discovery approaches, at the cost of execution times in the order of minutes, versus seconds for the baseline approaches. Journal Article

Signage as a tool for behavioral change: Direct and indirect routes to understanding the meaning of a sign

Wed, 30 Aug 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Meis, J; Kashima, Y 2017-08-30 Signage as a tool for behavioral change: Direct and indirect routes to understanding the meaning of a sign Signs, prompts, and symbols are a common means to change behavior in our society. Understanding the psychological mechanisms by which signage influences behavior is a critical first step to achieve the desired outcome. In the current research, we propose a theoretical model of sign-to-behavior process. The model suggests that when one encounters a sign, it is encoded to construct an action representation (comprehension process), which is then acted on unless its enactment is inhibited (decision process). We test the implications of the model in two studies. In support of our hypothesis, for unfamiliar signs, clarity of purpose predicts perceived effectiveness of a sign; however, for familiar signs, clarity of purpose does not matter. Insights gained from the studies will help to design effective signs. Practical implications of the model are discussed, and future research directions are outlined. Journal Article

A history of cultural psychology: Cultural psychology as a tradition and a movement

Tue, 10 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2019-12-10 A history of cultural psychology: Cultural psychology as a tradition and a movement Chapter

What is culture for?

Tue, 10 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2019-12-10 What is culture for? Chapter

Height Psychology and challenges of the 21st century

Sat, 01 Apr 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2017-04-01 Height Psychology and challenges of the 21st century Journal Article

Modeling cultural dynamics

Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y; Kirley, M; Stivala, A; Robins, G 2017 Modeling cultural dynamics Chapter

Low Carbon Readiness Index: A short measure to predict private low carbon behaviour

Fri, 01 Jun 2018 00:00:00 GMT

O'Brien, LV; Meis, J; Anderson, RC; Rizio, SM; Ambrose, M; Bruce, G; Critchley, CR; Dudgeon, P; Newton, P; Robins, G; Kashima, Y 2018-06-01 Low Carbon Readiness Index: A short measure to predict private low carbon behaviour Journal Article

Social transmission and shared reality in cultural dynamics

Mon, 01 Oct 2018 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y; Bratanova, B; Peters, K 2018-10-01 Social transmission and shared reality in cultural dynamics Micro cultural dynamics are concerned with the mechanisms of transmission, retention, and modification of cultural information in social networks. When interacting individuals mutually recognize that they share psychological reactions to given cultural information, it may be grounded as an aspect of their shared reality under specifiable conditions. The interpretation of cultural information as socially verified shared reality provides a basis for further dissemination of the information and coordinated social action. We review the recent literature that supports this general contention, while highlighting the role of emotion-a somewhat under-recognized aspect of shared reality research-and emphasizing the mediating role of cultural dynamics in the mutual constitution of social reality and shared reality. Journal Article

More Than Idyll Speculation: Utopian Thinking for Planetary Health

Mon, 18 Feb 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Fernando, J; O’Brien, L; Judge, M; Kashima, Y 2019-02-18 More Than Idyll Speculation: Utopian Thinking for Planetary Health The problems and challenges associated with planetary health are vast and interconnected, and are therefore requiring of research which takes an all-of-society perspective. Following calls for input from behavioural scientists in discussions about planetary health, we here present a review and synthesis of recent research on utopian thinking and lay beliefs about societal change. For some time, utopian theorists have recognised the capacity of ideals for society to motivate social change behaviour, but this has largely been ignored by behavioural scientists. However, recent research has shown that utopian thinking elicits social change behaviour among ordinary people, and that a utopia with pro-environmental content tends to be especially motivating. Furthermore, changes which are seen as increasing levels of warmth and morality in society elicit greater levels of support and motivation to bring about those changes. These findings have implications for how social movements for planetary health can proceed and provide hope for motivating the necessary social change. We present this work in the hope that it can contribute to the furtherance of efforts for the achievement of planetary health. Journal Article

Neoliberalism and Its Discontents: Commentary on Social Psychology of Neoliberalism

Fri, 01 Mar 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2019-03-01 Neoliberalism and Its Discontents: Commentary on Social Psychology of Neoliberalism Journal Article

The Psychology of Cultural Dynamics: What Is It, What Do We Know, and What Is Yet to Be Known?

Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y; Bain, PG; Perfors, A 2019-01-01 The Psychology of Cultural Dynamics: What Is It, What Do We Know, and What Is Yet to Be Known? The psychology of cultural dynamics is the psychological investigation of the formation, maintenance, and transformation of culture over time. This article maps out the terrain, reviews the existing literature, and points out potential future directions of this research. It is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on micro-cultural dynamics, which refers to the social and psychological processes that contribute to the dissemination and retention of cultural information. The second part, on micro–macro dynamics, investigates how micro-level processes give rise to macro-cultural dynamics. The third part focuses on macro-cultural dynamics, referring to the distribution and long-term trends involving cultural information in a population, which in turn enable and constrain the micro-level processes. We conclude the review with a consideration of future directions, suggesting behavior change research as translational research on cultural dynamics. Book

Greens or space invaders: Prominent utopian themes and effects on social change motivation

Sun, 21 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Fernando, JW; O'Brien, LV; Burden, NJ; Judge, M; Kashima, Y 2019-07-21 Greens or space invaders: Prominent utopian themes and effects on social change motivation One way in which individuals can participate in action to change the society they live in is through the pursuit of an ideal society or “utopia”; however, the content of that utopia is a likely determinant of its motivational impact. Here we examined two predominant prototypes of utopia derived from previous research and theory—the Green and Sci‐Fi utopias. When participants were primed with either of these utopias, the Green utopia was perceived to entail a range of other positive characteristics (e.g., warmth, positive emotions) and—provided it was positively evaluated—tended to elicit both motivation and behaviour for social change. In contrast, the Sci‐Fi utopia was associated with low motivation, even when it was positively evaluated. Furthermore, the Green utopia was shown to elicit greater perceptions of participative efficacy, which in turn predicted the increase in social change motivation. Journal Article

International Students' Cross-Cultural Adjustment: Social Selection or Social Influence?

Mon, 08 Jun 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Sadewo, GRP; Kashima, ES; Gallagher, C; Kashima, Y; Koskinen, J 2020-06-08 International Students' Cross-Cultural Adjustment: Social Selection or Social Influence? International education provides students with an opportunity to develop new social networks while they fit in to the new culture. In a three-wave longitudinal study, we investigated how social networks and psychological adjustment coevolve within a group of international students enrolled in a coursework degree at the tertiary level. Using the Stochastic Actor-Oriented Model (SAOM), we identified the occurrences of social selection based on the levels of psychological and sociocultural adjustment. More specifically, students tended to deselect classmates who were dissimilar in their level of psychological adjustment and to befriend those who differed in their levels of sociocultural adjustment. In contrast, little evidence was found to suggest that features of social networks influenced students’ adjustment. Potential applications of this new method to future acculturation research are suggested. Journal Article

The subtle spreading of sexist norms

Tue, 20 Oct 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Koudenburg, N; Kannegieter, A; Postmes, T; Kashima, Y 2020-10-20 The subtle spreading of sexist norms Even when overt sexism and prejudice become rarer, social norms that perpetuate inequality are remarkably persistent. The present research lays out one of the subtle ways in which sexist norms may spread through society, by pointing to the role of responses to sexism. We investigate how third parties infer social norms about sexism when observing social interactions. In three studies among male students (Studies 1 and 2) and male and female students (Study 3), we demonstrate that subtle variations in how people respond to a sexist statement can have a substantial influence on inferences third parties make about sexist norms. Specifically, when a sexist statement is made and the conversation continues in a smoothly flowing fashion, third parties infer that this opinion is shared among interaction partners, perceived as appropriate, and that sexism is normative among them. However, when a sexist statement is followed by a brief silence that disrupts the flow of the conversation, observers think that it is contentious and that sexism is neither shared nor normative. Importantly, the effects of the manipulation generalized to the perception of sexist descriptive norms among male students in general. We conclude that social and cultural norms are not just inferred from conversation content, but also from conversational flow. Journal Article

Cultural Dynamics for Sustainability: How Can Humanity Craft Cultures of Sustainability?

Thu, 01 Oct 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2020-10-01 Cultural Dynamics for Sustainability: How Can Humanity Craft Cultures of Sustainability? Humanity faces twin problems of adaptation—natural environmental challenges of climate change and global humanitarian challenges of ensuring well-being for all—that pose a dilemma for sustainable development. One way forward is to develop cultures of sustainability that highlight and reward the ideas and practices that will help us transition to a sustainable lifestyle. Although institutional responses are necessary and multidisciplinary approaches are required, individual citizens can also participate in cultural dynamics—the process of cultural formation, maintenance, and transformation—to craft cultures of sustainability, and psychological science can point to potential mechanisms for effecting this cultural change. Informed by the niche-construction perspective, I suggest that the critical ingredients of cultures of sustainability include (a) conceptions of human–nature connectedness, (b) conceptions of human–artifact relation, (c) interpersonal conversations about sustainability norms within social networks, and (d) visions of an achievable utopia for a sustainable future. Further research and action are called for. Journal Article

Lay Concepts of Art, Craft, and Manufacture and the Implications for Sustainable Consumption

Sun, 01 Mar 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Judge, M; Fernando, JW; Paladino, A; Mikolajczak, G; Kashima, Y 2020-03-01 Lay Concepts of Art, Craft, and Manufacture and the Implications for Sustainable Consumption An object's creation history plays an important role in how we perceive, value, and interact with that object, and has consequences for policy on sustainable consumption. Here, we propose that laypeople in industrialized societies have three dominant concepts of how objects can be created: art, craft, and manufacture. These concepts are differentiated by the perceived properties and environmental sustainability of objects, as well as the perceived capabilities of producers. In three experiments, we examined the consequences of framing an object's creation history as art, craft, or manufacture. In general, art and craft objects were valued more highly than manufactured objects, and this effect was partially mediated by the perceived transfer of positive emotional residue. Mass‐produced goods may be treated as disposable consumables, whereas arts and crafts are more deserving of preservation. That this effect was stronger in Australia than China suggests that these effects may be related to a postmaterialist orientation. Journal Article

Navigating sustainably within the urban environment: The role of environmental identity and attitudes on sign and object evaluation

Wed, 06 May 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Meis-Harris, J; Kashima, Y 2020-05-06 Navigating sustainably within the urban environment: The role of environmental identity and attitudes on sign and object evaluation Journal Article

The cultural in the social: A reflection on sociocultural models approaches

Mon, 01 Jun 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y 2020-06-01 The cultural in the social: A reflection on sociocultural models approaches Journal Article

Utopia and ideology in cultural dynamics

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT

Kashima, Y; Fernando, J 2020-08-01 Utopia and ideology in cultural dynamics Utopia is a culturally constructed vision of an ideal human condition. Although its contents vary cross-culturally, utopian visions exist across cultures and therefore utopian thinking is a widespread human proclivity. When activated, a utopian vision can engage citizens with their on-going societal processes by activating a motivation to criticize and change the status quo, but may also disengage them from their society, enticing them to wallow in their impossible dream. Utopias animate cultural dynamics – the formation, maintenance, and transformation of culture over time – as a critical part of humanity's effort to collectively self-regulate our construction of society. Journal Article

Good Governance in Economic Development International Norms and Chinese Perspectives

Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Biddulph, S; Biuković, L 2019 Good Governance in Economic Development International Norms and Chinese Perspectives Good Governance in Economic Development critically examines the transparency and accountability mechanisms underpinning international trade, finance, and investment regimes, particularly in view of the intensifying influence of China. Book

The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia

Thu, 01 Nov 2018 00:00:00 GMT

Temple, JB 2018-11-01 The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia A considerable body of empirical evidence exists on the demographic and socio-economic correlates of food insecurity in Australia. An important omission from recent studies, however, is an understanding of the role of stressful life events, or stressors in explaining exposure to food insecurity. Using nationally representative data from the 2014 General Social Survey and multivariable logistic regression, this paper reports on the association between 18 discrete stressors and the likelihood of reporting food insecurity in Australia. The results, adjusted for known correlates of food insecurity and complex survey design, show that exposure to stressors significantly increased the likelihood of experiencing food insecurity. Importantly, stressors related to employment and health approximately doubled the odds of experiencing food insecurity. The results underscore the complex correlates of food insecurity and indicates that conceptually it interacts with many important social and economic problems in contemporary Australia. There is no simple fix to food insecurity and solutions require co-ordination across a range of social and economic policies. Journal Article

Financial well-being of older Australians with multiple health conditions

Fri, 01 Jun 2018 00:00:00 GMT

Temple, JB; Williams, R 2018-06-01 Financial well-being of older Australians with multiple health conditions OBJECTIVE: Given recent rises in out-of-pocket health expenses, we examined the financial well-being of older Australians with multiple health conditions and disabilities. METHODS: The 2014 General Social Survey was used to measure the: (i) current financial position; (ii) propensity to experience financial difficulties; and (iii) types of behaviours older people with multiple health conditions engage in to improve financial resilience. RESULTS: Compared to older Australians with no health conditions, respondents with multiple health conditions had lower incomes and assets and a higher propensity to hold consumer debt (once controls were included). They were at a higher risk of cash flow difficulties, dissaving to meet day-to-day living expenses and exclusion from financial providers. However, the majority of people with multiple health conditions engaged in financially resilient behaviours. CONCLUSION: Many older Australians with multiple health conditions were in a financially precarious situation with implications for the ability to afford ongoing increases in out-of-pocket health-care costs. Journal Article

Is disability exclusion associated with psychological distress? Australian evidence from a national cross-sectional survey

Tue, 01 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT

Temple, JB; Kelaher, M 2018-05-01 Is disability exclusion associated with psychological distress? Australian evidence from a national cross-sectional survey OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between disability exclusion and psychological distress. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Population-based study of individuals living in households across Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Respondents were persons aged 15 and over living with a disability. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Reporting an experience of discrimination or avoidance behaviour due to a respondent's disability. High or very high levels of psychological distress measured using the Kessler K10 instrument. METHODOLOGY: Using the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, we calculated the prevalence of persons with a disability experiencing psychological distress, disaggregated by experiences of disability exclusion, including discrimination and avoidance. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association between disability exclusion and psychological distress, once extensive controls and adjustments for survey design and presence of psychosocial disabilities were considered. RESULTS: About 62% of persons citing an experience of disability discrimination were in psychological distress, compared with 27% of those citing no discrimination. Furthermore, 53% of those who actively avoided social, familial or economic activities because of their disability experienced psychological distress, compared with 19% of those who did not avoid these situations. After controlling for demographic characteristics and disabling conditions, reporting an experience of disability discrimination or disability avoidance increased the odds of psychological distress by 2.2 (95% CI 1.74 to 2.26) and 2.6 (95% CI 2.28 to 2.97) times, respectively. Those who experienced both avoidance and discrimination were 3.7 (95% CI 2.95 to 4.72) times more likely to be in psychological distress than those experiencing neither. Avoidance and discrimination in healthcare settings were also found to be strongly associated with experiencing psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Given new policy initiatives to improve disability care, coupled with the increasing speed of population ageing, the onus is on governments and its citizenry to address disability exclusion to offset potential mental health impacts. Journal Article