Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like T cells, which are abundant in humans. They recognize antigens that are derived from bacterial riboflavin synthesis pathway metabolites, presented by ...

Despite the availability of influenza vaccines and antiviral therapies, human influenza virus infections cause approximately half a million deaths and five million cases of severe illness each year. Seasonal influenza ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is an important respiratory pathogen that colonises the human nasopharynx. While generally asymptomatic, colonisation is a prerequisite for disease. Infants are exposed to ...

Bacterial infections that are chiefly caused by food or water contaminated with Salmonella enterica lead to major health-threatening problems worldwide. In developing countries, where sanitation conditions and health ...

Immunological memory is a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system, providing superior protection against re-infection with previously encountered pathogens. Memory in CD8+ T cells is characterised by rapid effector ...

The scientific advance of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionised the field of microbiology, with the ability to examine, characterise and compare organisms at a DNA sequence level. In recent years, the improving ...

The use of subunit antigens in modern vaccines generally requires the addition of an adjuvant due to the lack of immunostimulatory features that would otherwise allow them to induce strong immune responses. A problem facing ...

Harnessing nanomaterials for the benefit of human health has the potential to improve drug delivery, vaccination and diagnostic imaging. However, a greater understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and the ...

An effective prophylactic vaccine for HIV will likely require the elicitation of neutralising antibodies directed towards the Envelope protein (Env) of HIV. In particular, broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) capable ...

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) cause the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis cases worldwide and generate an economic burden of 60 billion USD every year. Noroviruses are highly infectious and predominantly cause issues ...