Introduction: Semen — an overlooked aspect in models of HIV-1 infection — not only serves as the major vehicle for HIV-1 transmission, but also potently modulates immune responses at the mucosa. Here, we have explored the ...

Broad immunity to influenza viruses can be conferred by both humoral and cellular components of the immune system. Thus, universal vaccines, need to elicit both antibody and T cell responses with broad cross-reactivity ...

The interaction of HLA class I (HLA-I) proteins with inhibitory receptors such as those of the Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) family play a key role in effector function acquisition and target cell ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a major global health issue. Antiretroviral drugs improve life expectancy and significantly reduce the rate of viral transmission; however, we are far from finding a ...

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV infection has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, however, treatment is lifelong. The main barrier to a cure for HIV is the persistence of long lived latently ...

Malaria is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, and Plasmodium falciparum infection is responsible for nearly all malaria deaths. Pregnant women and children under 5 years of age are mainly ...

In addition to its role in protecting the body from infection, the immune system can prevent the development of cancer in a process termed tumour immune surveillance. During this process, immune cells can either recognise ...

As of 2017, 36.9 million people worldwide were living with HIV-1, with approximately 21.7 million people treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and only a single individual cured of HIV-1. HIV-1 infection has proven ...

Legionnaire’s Disease is a life-threatening lung infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. Recently, studies have revealed that cytokines such as IL-1α, TNF and IFNγ secreted by innate immune cells facilitate ...

Globally, the HIV-1 epidemic remains robust and the size of the infected population continues to grow, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although viral suppression is achieved through administration of cART, therapy is ...